Perception

RESUMO
Considerando que a percepção da fala consiste na extração de significado do sinal acústico e que os sinais de pontuação funcionam como marcadores prosódicos, no sentido de que fornecem ao leitor informações de como devem ser as variações melódicas durante a leitura em voz alta, o presente trabalho busca investigar se o ouvinte, ao ouvir uma leitura, é capaz de perceber as variações melódicas incitadas visualmente pelos sinais de pontuação. Para isso, foi realizado um experimento que avaliou a tarefa de percepção dos sinais de pontuação. Investigou-se, neste trabalho, se há percepção das variações melódicas incitadas pelos sinais de pontuação. Investigou-se também em que medida o conhecimento gramatical prévio das regras de pontuação e as variações de F0, intensidade, duração e pausa contribuem para a percepção dos diferentes sinais de pontuação.

ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT
Considering that the perception of speech consists of the extraction of meaning from the acoustic signal and that the punctuation signals function as prosody markers in the sense of they supply to the reader the information about the melody variations that will occur during the aloud reading, we have searched weather the listener is capable to perceive the melody variations that are related to reading and marked with punctuation system in the text. We carried out an experiment that consisted on the task of relating perception with corresponding punctuation signals. We have investigated in this work if the listener notices the melody variations that the punctuation signals incite and if the previous grammatical knowledge of the punctuation rules and variations of F0, intensity, duration and pause contributes to the perception of (the) different punctuation signals.

RESUMO
As análises lingüísticas têm exibido, majoritariamente, desde o estruturalismo, uma inclinação por modelos de produção. Pouca atenção tem sido dada à percepção. Além disso, a variação lingüística não tem sido a preocupação maior dos modelos teóricos propostos. Na verdade, ela tem sido excluída da maioria deles. Recentemente a teoria fonológica vem se ocupando da variação lingüística, mas, novamente, pendendo pela produção (na maioria das vezes) ou pela percepção. O que se pretende, aqui, é oferecer um esboço de modelo teórico que seja capaz, a partir da junção da produção com a percepção, de lidar com os fatos da variação. O modelo, operacionalizável em termos dos mecanismos da Teoria da Otimalidade, pretende, com base em princípios mais gerais da língua, alocar a variação num nível abstrato (percepção) e deixar a sua implementação (produção), no uso, sensível ao par {indivíduo-item lexical}.

ABSTRACT
Linguistic analyses have shown, beginning with the structuralist school, a major tendency towards production models, with little attention to perception. Besides this, linguistic variation has not been one of the main subjects of these theoretical models; in fact it has been excluded from most of them. It is only recently that phonological theory has turned its attention to linguistic variation but, again, either to production, most of the time, or to perception, in a few cases. It is our goal here to draw an outline of a theoretical model which is capable to deal with the facts of variation from the standpoint of production and perception. This model, which can be formalized in terms of the OT apparatus, and on the basis of general principles of the language, intends to allocate variation to an abstract level (perception) and let its implementation (production), in language use, sensitive to the pair {individual-lexical item}.

The aim of the study is to develop a scale named Classroom Life Perception Scale (CLPS) for determining the classroom life perceptions of the students toward lessons. The proposal scale, composed of 44 items, was applied to 2 study groups. The group of Exploratory Factor Analysis that aims to determine the psychometric properties especially the construct validity and reliability of CLPS consisted of 462 9th, 10th, 11th and 12th grade students. The group of Confirmatory Factor Analysis that aims to find out whether the factor structure demonstrated by CLPS was confirmed or not consisted of 282 9th, 10th, 11th and 12th grade students. As a result of the analyses, it has been determined that the scale consists of 28 items and it has a structure composed of three factors. The study showed that CLPS is a valid and reliable tool. Using CLPS with other data collection tools on classroom life perceptions of students will contrıbute to literature.

Merleau-Ponty, Autor von Phänomenologie der Wahrnehmung, tauchte mit seinen späteren Werken in die Ontologie ein und analysierte, so auch in L’OEil et L’Esprit, die Beziehung zwischen Mensch und Welt.

Nach Merleau-Ponty kann der Mensch mittels bestimmter Medien, welche die Eigenschaft haben, unsere Sinne auf besondere Art zu stimulieren, mit der Welt in Kontakt treten. Vor allem folgende Medien werden hervorgehoben: die Literatur und die Malerei.

Während sich der Philosoph in Le Visible et L’Invisible mit dem französischen Schriftsteller Marcel Proust beschäftigte, stützte er sich im vorliegenden Buch zunächst auf die Malerei.

Inwiefern der Mensch über die Malerei die Welt wahrnimmt, soll Thema dieser Arbeit werden. Um jenes Unterfangen zu betreiben, wird die Arbeit in drei Schritten vorgehen:
Ihr erster Teil wird den Begriff der Wahrnehmung nach Merleau-Ponty beleuchten, ihr zweiter Teil den Weltbegriff, wie er im behandelten Werk vorkommt, erläutern, und ihr letzter Teil wird die Malerei in den Mittelpunt stellen.

Voltaire stated in 1764 that “almost everything is imitation”, a line of thinking which would endure throughout philosophy. Over 200 years later, a similar sentiment was made by Guy Debord in The Society of the Spectacle in 1967, by which time imitation had, for Debord, become reality: “all that was once directly lived has become mere representation”. The intermediary role that technology plays in our relationship with reality has been the focus of many philosophers, including Martin Heidegger, Don Ihde, Hubert Dreyfus and Albert Borgmann, all of whom are discussed in this paper. While scientific discourse often treats technology as a pillar of precision that promises
greater access to an essential reality—as evidenced by the first image of a black hole in 2019—philosophers remain anxious about technology’s alienating effects. From Galileo’s telescope and the desire to replace the human eye, to the “appification” of everyday life, this paper explores the
metaphysical tensions that plague science and technology as instruments for retrieving a “lost” reality, and the limits of depicting the world—and the universe—through technology

The exploration of the cosmos during the 1960s and 1970s captivated and expanded disciplinary boundaries. Such space research endeavors led to the formation of a hybrid cooperation between art, science, and technology. In "Habitability Project" (1970), Robert Irwin and Dr. Edward Wortz attempted to transfer specific features of outer space into a concrete realm of experience by designing an environment: as a systemic-aesthetic field of perception, Irwin’s artist studio was turned into a space of experience. Based on an epistemological reading of Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s phenomenology, the following essay will investigate this project combining art and science for its epistemic potential.

BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 pandemic can provoke anxiety, stress, sadness, and fear; therefore, the timely assessment of individual psychological health status is urgently necessary for society.

AIM: The aim of the study was to assess the emotional states (depression, anxiety, and stress), functional health patterns, and self-efficacy among individuals from Egypt, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia during the home quarantine experience associated with COVID-19.

METHODS: A descriptive and cross-sectional research design was applied to a convenience sample that included 704 participants from Egypt, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia. Data collection was performed in April 2020, using a self-administered questionnaire that consisted of a sociodemographic data sheet, the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS), a functional health pattern survey, and the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES).

RESULTS: Overall, the sample was found to have mild-level DASS scores, with significantly higher scores identified for Egyptian participants compared with those from other countries. In contrast, participants from Egypt presented significantly reduced GSES scores than those from other countries. Higher mean DASS scores were identified among females, participants who reported inappropriate housing conditions and participants who were unemployed, young, widowed, and school-educated. A high mean DASS score was significantly associated with reported disturbances in sleep, sexuality, and social communication, work schedule changes, the inability to concentrate on positive thoughts, the inability to empty their brains of daily thoughts, and not caring about regular interactions with family. Increased mean GSES scores were significantly associated with males, participants who reported appropriate housing conditions, participants who live alone, are older, married, hold higher education degrees, and who are employed with sufficient incomes, whereas lower mean GSES scores were significantly associated with participants who reported engaging in regular exercise, experiencing disturbances in sexuality and social communications, and reduced appetites. However, a significant inverse correlation was detected between the mean DASS and GSES scores, with significant positive correlations among the DASS.

CONCLUSION: The COVID-19 quarantine was associated with a mild level of depression stress and normal anxiety levels, with higher psychological distress and lower self-efficacy identified among participants from Egypt. The emotional status of individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic should be explored further, and awareness programs, designed to address the psychological effects of quarantine, should be promoted, through mass media and other means, with consideration of the effects on the general population, COVID-19 cases, individuals with close contacts with COVID-19 cases, and health-care professionals.

Recent criticisms of the place and function of "consciousness" in "cognitive science" are considered and rejected. Contrary to current orthodoxy subjective experience during abstract cognitive activity, especially when placed in its natural series with phenomenal accounts of so-called "altered states of consciousness," can provide unique and crucial evidence concerning just that core of "semantics" which eludes the automatized "syntax" of computer simulation. The "noetic" aspect of extreme altered states can be placed in relation to introspective descriptions of "insight." Various altered state features--synaesthesias, geometric/mandala imagery, reorganizations of "perceptual" dimensions and enhanced "self-reference"--can be taken as direct "exteriorizations" of abstract symbolic processes as discussed by Neisser, Geschwind, Mead, and Arnheim. A genuine cognitive psychology cannot continue to ignore the qualitative-experiential bases of symbolization. More specifically, the sense that insight just comes to us as if from "outside," its preliminary microgenetic processes masked, does not show the failure of introspective phenomenology but rather offers a unique and positive clue to the imaginal dialogic structure of higher mental processes. Thinking, as one phase of imaginal "conversation," must be "sent" from the phenomenal "other" to an attenuated, receptive phenomenal "self." A reconsideration of the Würzburg controversy, adding closely related altered state phenomena to the transitional series between "impalpable awareness" and specific imagery, suggests that the normally masked processes underlying the "felt meaning" or "insight" state are most directly exteriorized as what Klüver termed "complex" or geometric-dynamic synaesthesias. Finally, a reinterpretation of classical introspectionism's "sensation" shows the "mechanism" by which the metaphorical/synaesthetic processes of cognition are generated. Titchener's "sensation" plays the crucial role in metaphor it so conspicuously lacked in functional perception.

Insecticide Treated Net (ITN) is use for the prevention of mosquito bites causing malaria. The study sought to investigate the perception and utilization of insecticide treated net among pregnant women attending antenatal care in University of Calabar Teaching Hospital. To successfully carry out the study, research questions and hypothesis were formulated to guide the study. Literature was reviewed based on the research variables. The research instrument used in data collection was a questionnaire designed by the researchers which was administered on 150 pregnant women in UCTH who formed the sample for the study. Their responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics of frequencies and percentages and contingency chi-square. The following results were obtained. Result of findings as presented in table 4 indicate that 93(62%) of the respondents said they have heard about ITN before while 57(38%) said they have not. 90(60%) said they have seen it while 60(40%) said they have not. 96(64%) said ITN is a major tool for prevention of malaria while 54(36%) said it was not. 98(65.3%) said ITN has health benefits while 52(34.7%) said it does not. 108(72%) said the reason for treating the nets with insecticide is to irritate and repel mosquitoes while 42(28%) said it was not. It was observed that in spite of their knowledge of ITN, pregnant women in UCTH did not utilize insecticide treated bed nets. It was recommended that ministry of health should intensify enlightenment campaign on the utilization of ITN.

ABSTRACT: This paper deals with Peirce’s understanding of perceptual judgment, relating it to the conditions for the use of language defined by Michael Dummett. Namely, drawing on Dummett’s requirement for harmony between descriptive and evaluative aspects of our linguistic practice, we will try to give an interpretation of Peirce’s view of perception that implies rejecting the idea that the formation of a perceptual judgment has an inferential structure. On the other hand, since it is, in Peirce’s opinion, the structure of abductive inference, this approach should enable us to draw some conclusions related to abduction in general.

This paper focuses on Scottish Open Gardens (OG) run by a charitable organisation. OGs are those attached to private houses that are opened as visitor attractions, where a proportion of the money charged for entry is raised for charity. Whilst there have been a few studies on OGs, they have omitted to develop conceptual debates relevant to OGs. This paper identifies privacy and power as key themes determining the ways in which OGs are produced by three kinds of 'co-producers': garden owners, volunteer organisers and helpers. Drawn from 12 months of ethnographic fieldwork conducted in the Scottish Lowlands, I will explain how the deconstruction of the private-public boundary in OGs underlies the nuanced power relationships. I argue that legitimacy of power exercised by the co-producers is determined by their perceptions of what is morally justifiable and by the geographical remits of locations where power is exercised. The paper concludes by emphasising implications for practice and suggestions for future research.

Examining the severity of diseases should include both the biomedical perspective and the way patients perceive their suffering. Such individual representation should help understand the development of emotional repercussions such as depression symptoms. The purpose of the present study was to assess, compare, and relate illness representation, perceived illness severity, and symptoms of depression in people with either end-stage renal disease in hemodialysis or asthma. An observational, correlational, and descriptive-comparative study was carried out with 90 participants, 45 with ESRD and 45 with asthma. Results suggest that more than 50% of all participants report
depressive symptoms, and there are significant positive correlations between perceived illness severity, emotional representation, and symptoms of depression. Finally, when comparing by illness,
no statistically significant differences were observed in the variables evaluated. It is concluded that the way illness is perceived can be a relevant factor to determine its severity and its emotional
consequences.