Semantics

This paper contributes to the study of structural distinctiveness of the category of ideophony. The author analyzes the extent to which Xhosa ideophones exhibit the so-called extra-systematic properties, which cross-linguistically tend to distinguish ideophones from other lexical classes. The analysis demonstrates that ideophones are relatively extra-systematic in Xhosa, although their extra-systematicity is not unitary. It is the largest in morphology, slightly less visible in phonology, and only residual in syntax. It is proposed that the distinct degrees of extra-systematicity are related to differences in grammaticalization and a gradual integration of ideophones into the Xhosa grammar-with the adjustment in syntax occurring faster than the morphological adaptation. In this paper-the first in a series of two articles-the author deals with methodological issues and introduces evidence related to the phonology and morphology of ideophones in Xhosa.

In this paper, I present data involving the use of the Romanian slur "țigan", consideration of which leads to the postulation of a sui-generis, irreducible type of use of slurs ("identificatory"). This type of use is potentially problematic for extant theories of slurs. In addition, together with other well-established uses (derogatory, appropriated etc.), it shows that there is more variation in the use of slurs than previously acknowledged. I explain this variation by construing slurs as polysemous. To implement this idea, I appeal to a rich-lexicon account of polysemy. I show how such a theory can be applied to slurs and discuss several important issues that arise.

Dans le cadre du développement d’une perspective de sémantique neurocognitive expérientielle, nous nous intéresserons aux processus de métensomatose de l’âme en insecte. Nous conduirons nos réflexions en partant des formes tavané, dérivés du latin tabanus, des variétés francoprovençales de la Vallée d’Aoste, des développements francoprovençaux de France et de Suisse romande et de ceux occitans de la série verbale formée du composé *ex- + tabanus, pour aboutir à la reconstruction d’une matrice sémantique lexico-narrative qui décrit les bases expérientielles de la paralysie du sommeil (paralysie, sensations d’étouffement et suffocation, bourdonnement de tête, etc.). En empruntant la terminologie adoptée dans le recueil de Barner et Scott Baron (2016), soit core knowledge vs conceptual change, nous focaliserons notre attention sur les changements secondaires (conceptual changes) qui s’opèrent dans le cadre des composantes sémantiques essentielles pour ce qui concerne les notions d’âme-esprit et des expériences hors-du-corps.

Within the context of the development of an experiential neurocognitive semantic perspective, we investigate the processes of metensomatosis of the soul as an insect. We will conduct our reflections starting from the forms tavané, derived from the Latin tabanus, in the Francoprovençal varieties of Aosta Valley, the Francoprovençal developments of France and Roman Switzerland and the Occitan ones of the verbal series formed by the compound *ex- + tabanus, in order to reconstruct a lexico-narrative semantic matrix that describes the experiential bases of sleep paralysis (paralysis, sensations of choking and suffocation, head buzzing, etc.). By borrowing the terminology adopted in Barner and Scott Baron’s publication (2016), core knowledge vs conceptual change, we will focus mainly on the secondary changes (conceptual changes) that take place within the framework of the core semantic components of mind-soul concepts and out-of-body experiences.

This paper starts from the conception and the meaning that the translating activity had for medieval intellectuals, and focuses on the Latin-Greek glosses as a manifestation of that translation and, above all, as a source of romance. The origin of the Spanish and Portuguese "sacar" is explained from one of these glosses. Its etymon is the lat. "saccare" ‘to filter’, from the value of "saccus" as ‘filter’; the meaning ‘to extract' of the current Ibero-Romance verb is reached from there.

Religious statements are usually hard to understand in the realm of rationality. However, through God-talks, these statements become meaningful, especially in the idea of understanding such statements. One way of God-talk is through metaphor. By using of words, religiosity can be understood, grasped and reached to the comprehension of the nearest human knowledge, when pertaining to God and His attributes.

This paper, then, aims to give appraisal to the metaphorical talks on God, as it gives a plausible rationality on religious statements, as also provide understanding about God on human-level. Using the three-level metaphorical discourse of Paul Ricoeur in his work, Rule of Metaphor, metaphorical talks on God can be understood through the discussion that metaphors are analyzed in such levels of a) rhetorical, b) semantical, and c) hermeneutical.

Through this paper, metaphor is given a new light as a way to understand more about God-talks, which claims that through metaphorical talks on God, indeed, can make religious statements faithful.

Music and painting are both chord language phenomena. Based on the grammar and semantic logic of chords, they express chord time and chord space respectively; both are the main observation basis and main application fields of chord language.

The spatial expression of chord language, also known as: chord geometry (string geometry), chords are divided into open strings, closed strings, and membrane strings according to spatial semantics, and all spatial states are generated from this; painting is not only the observation basis of chord geometry, but also Its application areas.

音乐，绘画都是和弦语言现象，基于和弦的语法、语义逻辑，分别表达和弦时间与和弦空间等；两者既是和弦语言的主要观察基础，也是其的主要应用领域。

和弦语言的空间表达，亦称：和弦几何（弦几何），和弦按空间语义分为：开弦，闭弦，膜弦，并由此产生所有的空间状态；绘画既是和弦几何的观察基础，也是其应用领域。

In this study, it is argued that the verb sDr is consistently monosemic (‘to lie on the side’) in the Coffin Text Egyptian language, to judge by its spelling stability: ideogram ‘man-on-bed’ (and variants) plus absence of determinative. Meanings such as ‘lie down’, ‘sleep’, and ‘spend the night’ are thus better seen as translation effects in the target language than meanings in the source language (ancient Egyptian).
The following meanings (or uses) will be discussed for the verb sDr as it occurs in the Coffin Texts: ‘to lie down’, so translated when no landmark (Langacker 1987: § 6.3), i.e. the expression of a space, follows or when the landmark is not a bed or a toponym; ‘to lay down’ (plus patient); ‘to spend the night’ (plus toponym or action); ‘to sleep’ (in relation with a bed or awakening); ‘to sleep with’ (plus preposition Hna and person). Finally, as previously remarked by K ruchten (1982: 29), the verb sDr can also be used as a (semi-)auxiliary verb; not totally deprived of its basic semantism, sDr can then contrast with other «position (semi-)auxiliary
verbs» such as aHa ‘stand up’ and Hmsi ‘sit down’, which also keep their essential semantics at a certain degree.

Different diagrammatic languages are concrete variants of a core metamodel which specifies the way in which to express relations, and which is the basis for a semantic interpretation. In this paper, we identify families of diagrammatic languages exploiting the notion of metamodel as introduced in UML, ie through an abstract syntax, given as a class diagram, and a set of constraints in a logical language. The abstract syntax constrains the types of expressable relations and the types and multiplicities of the participating entities. ...

Abstract The development of a visual language requires a specification of its syntax and semantics and the implementation of a visual environment which embeds it. In the present paper we describe VLCC, a graphical system for the automatic generation of visual programming environments. We show that the system is able to support the development of complex real-world visual languages which exhibit hierarchical aspects, such as Statecharts and UML notations

Computational Law is a growing interdisciplinary field that stands at the border of Law and Computer Science. Research in this field has shown benefits for businesses in automating the legal relationships and streamlining the legal interactions between parties. However, there currently exists a gap in the literature about the application of such approaches in the context of Privacy and Data Protection relationships. On the other hand, Privacy domains suffer from an expansion of theoretical legal conceptualization and protection, which is not followed in practice by an effective application. This study investigates how Computational Law systems can be applied and implemented in existing Privacy and Data Protection frameworks addressed in an EU-US comparative analysis, in order to fill the gaps between legal provisions and practical protection. Adopting a top-down approach in line with the classical Civil Law analysis, it addresses the potential applications, limitations and implementation of Computational Law systems applied to the realm of Privacy, with specific focus dedicated to the analytical legal interpretation of the GDPR. The study evaluates both the potentialities and limitations of Computational Law systems and their capability to interpret complex legal phenomena. The article concludes with the conceptualization of a new topic, Quantum Law, as a possible solution for the emergent complexity of automated interpretation Computational Law systems must address.

鹿児島県北薩地方の伝統方言は、不完成相に相当する複合形式VStm-iØ+kata=zjar- と抱合形式NSTM+VStm-iØ=zjar- (V: 動詞; N: 名詞; STM: 語幹) を有している。本稿では、両不完成相の形態統語的特徴を分析し、次のことを明らかにした。(1) 複合不完成相においても抱合不完成相においても連濁は生じず、両不完成相に含まれるVSTM-iØの末尾音節は連声し、直前の音節のコーダとなる。(2) 複合不完成相の構成要素たるVStm-iØ+kata の声調型も、抱合不完成相の構成要素たるNStm+VStm-iØのそれも第1 語根に拠るので、音韻的には1語に相当する。(3) 動詞派生接尾辞に関して言えば、複合不完成相の動詞語幹は -sase-, -rare-, -cjor- を、抱合不完成相のそれは-sase- だけを内包しうる。(4) 複合不完成相はほとんどの動詞語幹から作りうるが、抱合不完成相は基本的に、動作の対象を対格助詞=o で標示する対格動詞語幹からに限られる。(5) +ik-iØ=zjar- 型のものを除けば、抱合不完成相が内包する名詞語幹は動作の対象を指すものに限られる。(6) 両不完成相で連体節を作る際は、=zjar-ruが連体節を作りえないため、=no がその代わりを果たす。(7) 複合不完成相は形態的には非対格述部に通じるが、統語的には対格述部に通じる。一方、抱合不完成相は、対象を指示する名詞を抱合してこそいるが、対格補部を取るわけではない。したがって、形態的にも統語的にも非対格述部の範疇を出ない。

Türkçe adeylem ve ortaç dizgeleri Türk dilini öğrenen yabancılar için sorunlar yaratmaktadır. Bu sorunların bazıları, Türkçe ve Hint-Avrupa dilleri arasındaki yapı farklılığından kaynaklanmaktadır. Bunun dışında, Türkçe adeylem ve ortaç dizgelerinin kendileri de oldukça kapsamlıdır ve çeşitli anlambilimsel ve sözdizimsel karşıtlıklar kodlamaktadır. Adeylem ve ortaç dizgelerine ait birimlerin kümeleri, biçimbilimsel açıdan kesişmekte ve her iki kümede yer alan birimlerin somut bağlamda hangi işlevi yerine getirdiğini çözümlemek, bazen, karmaşık bir deşifre işlemi gerektirmektedir. Üstelik bazı biçimbirimlerin işlev(ler)i, dilbilgisi ve ders kitaplarında günümüze dek tatmin edici bir şekilde betimlenmemiştir. Bu sorunsallık adeylemlerin ve ortaçların yer aldığı yapıları öğrenmeyi zorlaştırmaktadır. Bu çalışmada adeylem ve ortaç dizgeleriyle ilgili sorunlar örneklerle gösterilecek, dizgeler arası işlevsel farklar açıklanacak, dizgeler içi anlambilimsel ve sözdizimsel karşıtlıklar tespit edilecek ve bu değişkenlerin dil öğrenimi açısından önemi saptanacaktır.

Squarely in the Chomskyan tradition, Paul Pietroski’s recent book, Conjoining Meanings, offers an approach to natural-language semantics that rejects foundational assumptions widely held amongst philosophers and linguists. In particular, he argues against the view that meanings are, or at least determine, extensions (truth conditions, satisfaction conditions, and denotation/reference). Having arrived at the same conclusion by way of Brandom’s deflationist account of truth and reference, I glimpse the possibility of a fruitful merger of ideas.  In the present essay, I outline a strategy for integrating the generative linguist’s empirical insights about human psychology with Brandom's pragmatist approach to language. I’ll argue that both have important contributions to make to our overall understanding of language, and that the differences between them almost all reduce to a cluster of interrelated verbal differences. Contrary to first appearances, there are actually very few points of substantive disagreement between them. The residual differences are, however, stubborn. I end by raising a question about how to square Pietroski’s commitment to predicativism with Brandom’s argument that a predicativist language is in principle incapable of expressing ordinary conditionals.

We examined the potential advantage of the lexical databases using subtitles and present SUBTLEX-PT, a new lexical database for 132,710 Portuguese words obtained from a 78 million corpus based on film and television series subtitles, offering word frequency and contextual diversity measures. Additionally we validated SUBTLEX-PT with a lexical decision study involving 1920 Portuguese words (and 1920 nonwords) with different lengths in letters (M = 6.89, SD = 2.10) and syllables (M = 2.99, SD = 0.94). Multiple regression analyses on latency and accuracy data were conducted to compare the proportion of variance explained by the Portuguese subtitle word frequency measures with that accounted by the recent written-word frequency database (Procura-PALavras; P-PAL; Soares, Iriarte, et al., 2014 ). As its international counterparts, SUBTLEX-PT explains approximately 15% more of the variance in the lexical decision performance of young adults than the P-PAL database. Moreover, in line with r...

We examined the potential advantage of the lexical databases using subtitles and present SUBTLEX-PT, a new lexical database for 132,710 Portuguese words obtained from a 78 million corpus based on film and television series subtitles, offering word frequency and contextual diversity measures. Additionally we validated SUBTLEX-PT with a lexical decision study involving 1920 Portuguese words (and 1920 nonwords) with different lengths in letters (M = 6.89, SD = 2.10) and syllables (M = 2.99, SD = 0.94). Multiple regression analyses on latency and accuracy data were conducted to compare the proportion of variance explained by the Portuguese subtitle word frequency measures with that accounted by the recent written-word frequency database (Procura-PALavras; P-PAL; Soares, Iriarte, et al., 2014 ). As its international counterparts, SUBTLEX-PT explains approximately 15% more of the variance in the lexical decision performance of young adults than the P-PAL database. Moreover, in line with r...

We examined the potential advantage of the lexical databases using subtitles and present SUBTLEX-PT, a new lexical database for 132,710 Portuguese words obtained from a 78 million corpus based on film and television series subtitles, offering word frequency and contextual diversity measures. Additionally we validated SUBTLEX-PT with a lexical decision study involving 1920 Portuguese words (and 1920 nonwords) with different lengths in letters (M = 6.89, SD = 2.10) and syllables (M = 2.99, SD = 0.94). Multiple regression analyses on latency and accuracy data were conducted to compare the proportion of variance explained by the Portuguese subtitle word frequency measures with that accounted by the recent written-word frequency database (Procura-PALavras; P-PAL; Soares, Iriarte, et al., 2014 ). As its international counterparts, SUBTLEX-PT explains approximately 15% more of the variance in the lexical decision performance of young adults than the P-PAL database. Moreover, in line with r...

We examined the potential advantage of the lexical databases using subtitles and present SUBTLEX-PT, a new lexical database for 132,710 Portuguese words obtained from a 78 million corpus based on film and television series subtitles, offering word frequency and contextual diversity measures. Additionally we validated SUBTLEX-PT with a lexical decision study involving 1920 Portuguese words (and 1920 nonwords) with different lengths in letters (M = 6.89, SD = 2.10) and syllables (M = 2.99, SD = 0.94). Multiple regression analyses on latency and accuracy data were conducted to compare the proportion of variance explained by the Portuguese subtitle word frequency measures with that accounted by the recent written-word frequency database (Procura-PALavras; P-PAL; Soares, Iriarte, et al., 2014 ). As its international counterparts, SUBTLEX-PT explains approximately 15% more of the variance in the lexical decision performance of young adults than the P-PAL database. Moreover, in line with r...

We examined the potential advantage of the lexical databases using subtitles and present SUBTLEX-PT, a new lexical database for 132,710 Portuguese words obtained from a 78 million corpus based on film and television series subtitles, offering word frequency and contextual diversity measures. Additionally we validated SUBTLEX-PT with a lexical decision study involving 1920 Portuguese words (and 1920 nonwords) with different lengths in letters (M = 6.89, SD = 2.10) and syllables (M = 2.99, SD = 0.94). Multiple regression analyses on latency and accuracy data were conducted to compare the proportion of variance explained by the Portuguese subtitle word frequency measures with that accounted by the recent written-word frequency database (Procura-PALavras; P-PAL; Soares, Iriarte, et al., 2014 ). As its international counterparts, SUBTLEX-PT explains approximately 15% more of the variance in the lexical decision performance of young adults than the P-PAL database. Moreover, in line with r...

We examined the potential advantage of the lexical databases using subtitles and present SUBTLEX-PT, a new lexical database for 132,710 Portuguese words obtained from a 78 million corpus based on film and television series subtitles, offering word frequency and contextual diversity measures. Additionally we validated SUBTLEX-PT with a lexical decision study involving 1920 Portuguese words (and 1920 nonwords) with different lengths in letters (M = 6.89, SD = 2.10) and syllables (M = 2.99, SD = 0.94). Multiple regression analyses on latency and accuracy data were conducted to compare the proportion of variance explained by the Portuguese subtitle word frequency measures with that accounted by the recent written-word frequency database (Procura-PALavras; P-PAL; Soares, Iriarte, et al., 2014 ). As its international counterparts, SUBTLEX-PT explains approximately 15% more of the variance in the lexical decision performance of young adults than the P-PAL database. Moreover, in line with r...