Abstract
In the fall of 1898, Major General Joseph Wheeler wrote to Gilbert K. Harroun, who was the treasurer of Union College in Schenectady, and asked him to contact the presidents of American universities to see if they would offer free tuition to young men from Cuba. Wheeler had just returned from the island, where he had commanded U.S. troops in the final phase of the Cuban War of Independence from Spain. Wheeler chose well with Harroun. Over the course of the following years, until his death in September of 1901, Harroun devoted himself to the creation and development of the Cuban Educational Association (CEA), an organization that would place hundreds of Cubans and Puerto Ricans in schools in more than twenty states.
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Notes
Daniel H. Bays and Grant Wacker, The Foreign Missionary Enterprise at Home: Explorations in North American Cultural History (Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 2003), 1–4. See also Firoze Manji and Carl O’Coill, “The Missionary Position: NGOs and Development in Africa,” International Affairs 78:3 (2002), 567–583.
Louis A. Pérez, “Incurring a Debt of Gratitude: 1898 and the Moral Sources of United States Hegemony in Cuba,” American Historical Review 104:2 (April 1999), 356–398.
Louis Pérez, The War of 1898: The United States and Cuba in History and Historiography (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 111.
Gilbert Harroun, “The Cuban Educational Association of the United States,” American Monthly Review of’ Reviews 20 (July–December 1899), 334–335.
Kenneth B. O’Brien, “The Cuban Educational Association: An Early Experiment in International Education,” Journal of Negro Education 32:1 (Winter 1963), 6–15.
José Marti, “Education and Nationalism,” in On Education: Articles on Educational Theory and Pedagogy, and Writings for Children from the Age of Gold, edited by Philip S. Foner (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1979).
See, for instance, Anne Paulet, “To Change the World”; José-Manuel Navarro, Creating Tropical Yankees: Social Science textbooks and U.S. Ideological Control in Puerto Rico, 1898–1908 (NY: Routledge, 2002).
Hazel McFerson, Mixed Blessing: the Impact of the American Colonial Experience on Politics and Society in the Philippines (Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing, 2002), 92–94.
Louis Pérez, On Becoming Cuban: Identity, Nationality and Culture (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1999), 399–411; Laurie Johnston, “Cuban Nationalism and Responses to Private Education in Cuba, 1902–1958,” in Ideologues and Ideologies in Latin America (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1997), 27–44.
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© 2012 Richard Garlitz and Lisa Jarvinen
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Jarvinen, L. (2012). Educating The Sons of the Revolution. In: Garlit, R., Jarvinen, L. (eds) Teaching America to the World and the World to America. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137060150_4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137060150_4
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