ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ

ⴰⵏⵙⵓⴼ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⵙⴰⵎⵓ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ	ⴰⵙⴰⵎⴰⵙ 6 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 2976 ⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ 12 203 ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ: 86
ⴰⵏⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ● ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⵉⵣⵡⵔⵏ ● ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ● ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ ● ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ● Read in English

ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ

ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵏⵜ (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: function), ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ, ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⴷⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵜ ⴰⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⵓⵇⵇⵏⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ "ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏⵜ" ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵎⵥⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴽⵛⵓⵎⵉⵏ (ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ) ⵜⴼⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⴼⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⵉⵡⵏⵜ (ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ). ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⵍⴰⵡ $x$ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏⵏⵙ $x^{2}$ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵏⵜ. ⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⵍⵖⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵓⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ. ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵏⵜ $f$ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ $X$ (ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ) ⵖⵔ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ $Y$ (ⵜⴰⵣⴷⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ) ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵓⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ $(x,y)$ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ $x$ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵙⴳ $X$ ⴷ $y$ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵙⴳ $Y$ , ⵙ ⵜⴼⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ $x$ ⴳ $X$ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵀⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵉⵙⴳⵔ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵢⵓⴳⴰ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⵓⵇⵇⵏⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵉⵎⴽⴰ $f:X\to Y$ . ⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ $(x,y)$ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵜ $f$ , ⴷⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ $y$ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⵏⴰ ⵏ $x$ ⵙⴳ $f$ , ⵏⴰⵔⴰ $y=f(x)$ .

ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ $f(x)$ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴼ ⵜⵓⴳⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵜ $f$ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵣⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵙⵎⵔⴽⴰⵙ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⵏⴰ (ⴰⵣⵉⵍⴰⵍ) ⴷ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ. ⵜⴰⵣⴷⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ $Y$ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⴼⵖⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⵏⴰ (ⴰⵣⵉⵍⴰⵍ) ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⴼⵖⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ. ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵜ $f(x)=x^{2}$ , ⵉⴳ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴹⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵏⵉⵍⴰⵡⵏ $\mathbb {R}$ , ⵀⴰⵜ ⴰⵣⵉⵍⴰⵍ (ⵜⵓⴳⵏⴰ) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴹⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵏⵉⵍⴰⵡⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴳⵏ $[0,+\infty )$ , ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ.

ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ · ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⵚⴱⵃⴰⵏ

ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ (ⵙ ⵜⵄⵔⴰⴱⵜ: حاحا أو إحاحان) ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ. ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⵍⵃⵉⵢⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⴳⵔ ⵎⵓⴳⴰⴷⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ.

ⵉⴳ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵅ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵏⵓⴱⴱⵛ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ. ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳ ⵏⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵥⵏ ⵉ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ, ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜ ⵏⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵚⵏⵀⴰⵊⴰ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵏⴰⵜⴰ, ⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵏⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵚⵎⵓⴹⴰ. ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵇⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵚⵎⵓⴹⵏ, ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵚⵎⵓⴹⴰ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵚⵎⵓⴹⵏ, ⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⴷ ⴱⵓⵡⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵏ ⵅⴰⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵚⵎⵓⴹ ⵓ ⵢⵓⵏⵙ ⵓ ⴱⴰⵕⴱⴰⵕ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵄⵍⵉ ⵚⵉⴹⵇⵉ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵚⵎⵓⴹⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵥⵓⵕ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵥ ⴷ ⵥⵥⵓ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ, ⵉⴳ ⵏⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵉⵏⵙⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⵥ ⵥⵥⵓ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵢⵔⵣⴰ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴳⵉⵣ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⴳⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵉⵄⵕⴰⴱⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⵙⴽⵍⵏ ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵥ ⴳⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⵚ. ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵖⵉⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵏⵓⵃⵢⵓ ⴳⵔ ⵚⵚⴰⵍⴰⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵚⵚⴰⵡⵎ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵓⵎ.

ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ . ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵉⴷ

ⴱⴰⴹⵕ ⵀⴰⵕⵉ (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 8 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1984) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵍⴳⴳⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴱⵔⴰⵣ ⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏ/ⴰⵎⵣⵓⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ-ⴰⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵣⴰⴳ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ "ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴱⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵉⵍⵜ/ⴽⵉⴽ ⴱⵓⴽⵙⵉⵏⴳ" ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵍⴽⵉ-ⵡⴰⵏ. ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴽⵔ ⴷ ⴳ ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵖ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵢⵏ. ⵉⵔⵣⴰ ⴱⴰⴹⵕ ⵀⴰⵕⵉ 106 ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ,ⴷ 92 ⵙⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵢⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⵖⴰⵢⵜ/ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⴱⴱⴰⵄⵏ (KO) ⵙⴳ 121 ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵍⵍⵉⵏ . ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⵔⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵍⴽⵉ-ⵡⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⴰⵢⵜ (2007-2008), ⴷ ⵓⵏⴱⵔⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵏ "ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵢⵎ" (2009-2010), ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴽⵉ-ⵡⴰⵏ (2008-2009).

ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⴹⵕ ⵀⴰⵕⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵥⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ "ⴽⵉⴽ ⴱⵓⴽⵙⵉⵏⴳ ⴳⵍⵓⵕⵉ". ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵍⵖⵎⴰⵢ «ⵜⵓⵎ ⵀⴰⵔⵉⵏⴳ» ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⴼⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖⵏ ⴱⴰⴹⵕ ⵀⴰⵕⵉ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⴱⵉⵜⵔ ⴰⵢⵔⵜⵙ ⴷ «ⵎⵉⵍⴼⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⵓⴼ» ⵙ ⵓⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴳⴳⵉⵎⵜ. ⴷⵖⵉ ⴰⵙⵍⵖⵎⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ «ⵎⴰⵢⴽ ⴱⴰⵙⵉⵏⵢⵉ», ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡ/ⵓⵙⵔⵉⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ «ⵎⴰⵢⴽⵙ ⵊⵉⵎ».

ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ .ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ

ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1934 ⵙ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵟⵟⵓ, ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ, ⴰⵙⵓⵍⴼ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵚ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ, ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴼⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵏ: ⵊⵓⵏ ⴱⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵍⵉⴼⵉ, ⵎⴰⵕⵉ ⵉⴱⵛⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵡⵡⵓ. ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ.

ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1934 ⵙ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ; ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵍⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ "ⵉⵟⵟⵓ", ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ, ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⵉⴱⵛⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵊⵓⵏ ⴱⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵍⵉⴼⵉ , ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵓⵍⴼ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1989 ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ " ⵜⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ " ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵙⵙⵉ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴱⵉⵢⵣⴳⴰⵔⵏ (ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⴳⵉⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1993), ⴰⵡⵙⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵥⴰⵕ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ. ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵅⴼ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ. ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1993 ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ " ⴱⵓⵜⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙⵜ " ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⴱⴰⵄⵎⵕⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴱⵓⴽⴰ. ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ " ⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ", ⵄⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⴰⵛⴽⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵎⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉ.

ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ . ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ

ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴽⵓⵎⴰⵏⵥ

ⵙⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⴽ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ . ⴰⵙⴼⵙⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ

ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ

ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ

ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ . ⵥⵕ ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ

ⵎⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ?

ⵜframeless

ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵏⵖ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵒⵉⴷⵢⴰ (Wikipedia ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ) ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ (291 ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ 2015). ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ. ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵜⵜ ⵊⵉⵎⵉ ⵡⵉⵍⵣ ⴷ ⵍⴰⵔⵉ ⵙⴰⵏⴳⵔ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 15 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2001. ⴷ ⵙⴰⵏⵊⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ, "ⵡⵉⴽⵉ" ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⴱⵣⵔⴱⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ, ⴷ "ⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ" ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ "encyclopedia". ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵃⵔⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 300 (ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ) ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ, ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 7 ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ. ⴳ ⵉⴷ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ 40 (ⴽⵓⵎⵔⴰⵡ) ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ ⵙ 300 (ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ) ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ. ⴳ ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 2014 (ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⴷ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ) ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵢⵥⵕⴰ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ 18 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ 500 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⴱⵏ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ.

ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ . ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ

ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵔⴷ ⴼⴰⵍⵜⵉⵏⴳⵣ (ⴷⴳ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ) ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵉⵍ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2026.
Frameless
ⴰⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵔⵢⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵉⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⴼⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵔⴰ ⵓⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵢⵉⵔⵏ ⵎⵓⵛⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵡⵉⵏ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ.
ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⴷ ⴽⵓⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴳⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⴳ ⴽⴰⴱⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵖⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ.
ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ "ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ" ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⵚⴹⵉⵚⵜ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵜⵥⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎ, ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ ⵉ ⴱⵓⵍ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴷⵔⵙⵓⵏ.
ⵜⵎⴷ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵢⵙⴱⵓⵍ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵔⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⵢⵓⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ (ⵎⴰⵢⴽⵍ ⴳⴰⵔⵙⵢⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴳ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ).
ⵉⵏⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵉⵏⵢⴰ ⵙⵔⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ 43 ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵜⵉⵏ.

ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙ . ⵜⵉⵎⵃⴹⵉⵜ

ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ

ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ:ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ/19 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ

ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ

ⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵣⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ

{{ⴰⴱⴷⴰⵔ|text=ⵉⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴰ ⵜⵊⵊⴰⵡⵏⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⵉⵙ ⵜⴳⵉⴷ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ.|author=ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⵓⵏⴰⴹ

ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ

ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ?

... ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵍⴰⵎⴱⵉⵢⴰⴷ (ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⴰⴷ) ⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ?
... ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵏⵓⵕ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵢⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵍⴰⵙⵜ/ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵍⴰⵖⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴷⵉⴽⴰⵏⵜ?
... ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ "ⴰⵔⴳⴳⵓⴱ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⵍ" ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⵔⵏⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⵓ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⵉⵡ ⴰⵏⵔⵖⵉ?
... ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ "ⴽⵍⵉⵢⵓⴱⴰⵟⵔⴰ" ⵜⴷⴷⵔ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵢⴰⵥⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴼⵓⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵎⵓⴳⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ?
... ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴱⵕⴰⵥⵉⵍ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵙⵏⵉⴳⵉⵍⵏ/ⵜⵜⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ?
... ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ 19 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ?
... ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ 16 ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵎⵀⴰⵍ?
... ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰⵕⵉⵏ (ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏ) ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵜⴳⴳⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵖⴼ 20% ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⴰ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ ⴰⴷⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ; ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴼⴰⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵖⴷⴰⵍⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴳⵔ 50% ⴰⵔ 80% ⵙⴳ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵏⵙⵙⵓⵏⴼⵓⵙ?
... ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⴱⵍⵓⵜⵓ (ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 16.7 ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⴽⵎ²) ⵜⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ (ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 17.1 ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⴽⵎ²)?

ⵔⵏⵓ ⵓⵎⵍⵉ . ⵜⵉⵎⵃⴹⵉⵜ

ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ

ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵄⵍⵉ ⴰⵡⵣⴰⵍ (1660 - 1749) ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ

ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ ● ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

ⵉⵎⵉⴷⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ

ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⴷ/ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴷ: ⴰⵔⴱⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ.
ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵏⵉ: ⴰⵔⴱⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ/ⵏⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ.
ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ "ⵍⵍⵉ" ⵓⵔ ⵜⴳⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.

ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ · ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ

ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ

ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵓⴽⴽⵓⵙ (1946 - ⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ) ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ

ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ ● ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ

ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ

ⴰⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵣⵔⴽ ⵙ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⴰⴽⵓⵛ. ⵎⴽ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⵉⵏⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵓⵙⵔⴷ ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵙⵉ, ⵥⵕ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵙⵇⵙⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ

ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ 12 203 ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ, ⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴷ. ⵉⴳ ⵜⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⴰⵏⴷ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴷ (ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ) ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵀⵓ, ⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ. ⵉⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ, ⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵏⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ, ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴹⴼⴰⵕⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ.

ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ . ⵥⵕ ⵉⴼⵉⴷⵢⵓⵜⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ

ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ