کربون

کربون,  ₆C

General properties
Allotropes	graphite, diamond
Appearance	graphite: black diamond: clear
کربون in the periodic table
– ↑ C ↓ سیلیکون boron ← کربون → نیتروژن ‍
Atomic number (Z)	6
Group, period	group 14 (carbon group), period 2
Block	p-block
Element category	reactive nonmetal, sometimes considered a metalloid
Electron configuration	[هلیوم] 2s2 2p2
Electrons per shell	2, 4
Physical properties
Phase	solid
Sublimation point	3915 K ​(3642 °C, ​6588 °F)
Density near r.t.	amorphous: 1.8–2.1 g/cm3 graphite: 2.267 g/cm3 diamond: 3.515 g/cm3
Triple point	4600 K, ​10,800 kPa
Heat of fusion	graphite: 117 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	graphite: 8.517 J/(mol·K) diamond: 6.155 J/(mol·K)
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	+4, +3, +2, +1, فرمالدهید, −1, متانول, اتان, −4 ​(a mildly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 2.55
Ionization energies	1st: 1086.5 kJ/mol 2nd: 2352.6 kJ/mol 3rd: 4620.5 kJ/mol (more)
Covalent radius	sp3: 77 pm sp2: 73 pm sp: 69 pm
Van der Waals radius	170 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structure	graphite: ​simple hexagonal (black)
Crystal structure	diamond: ​face-centered diamond-cubic (clear)
Speed of sound thin rod	diamond: 18,350 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	diamond: 0.8 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity	graphite: 119–165 W/(m·K) diamond: 900–2300 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity	graphite: 7.837 µΩ·m
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic
Magnetic susceptibility (χmol)	−5.9·10−6 (graph.) cm3/mol
Young's modulus	diamond: 1050 GPa
Shear modulus	diamond: 478 GPa
Bulk modulus	diamond: 442 GPa
Poisson ratio	diamond: 0.1
Mohs hardness	graphite: 1–2 diamond: 10
CAS Number	7440-44-0
تاریخی
Discovery	اسکی میصر and Sumerians (3750 BCE)
Recognized as an element by	آنتوان لاووازیه (1789)
Main isotopes of کربون
Iso­tope Abun­dance Half-life Decay mode Pro­duct 11C syn 20 min β+ 11B 12C 98.9% is stable 13C 1.1% is stable 14C trace 5730 y β− 14N

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کربوْن (kərbon) یا کاربوْن (karbon) بیر نؤوع شیمیایی عونصوردور. آتوم نۆمره‌سی ۶ و نۇمادی ایسه C دیر. کربون آتومونون اوچ شکلی وار: C12 ،C13 و C14.