Balkan History

In 1848, Habsburg Trieste became the target of German nationalists gathered in Frankfurt. The Frankfurt parliament, born out of the revolutions of 1848, has been widely depicted as a liberal experience. Yet its nationalist stances, which included the creation of a unitary German state through the absorption of vast multiethnic regions of the Habsburg monarchy, whose Austrian crownlands were part of the German Confederation, bear witness to the illiberal nature of the Frankfurt parenthesis of 1848-1849. Notwithstanding the assimilatory tendencies of the Frankfurt parliament, Italian activists in Trieste supported the inclusion of the Habsburg port in an enlarged Germany, hoping to break away from Habsburg rule, which they portrayed as oppressive. This article argues that the contradictory Italian support for the German Confederation highlights the paradoxes at the basis of nationalist movements at their onset, while also pointing to the difficulty that nation-states would soon witness in dealing with other ethnic groups within their borders. On the contrary, it was the Habsburg monarchy that, in its centuries-long tradition of accommodating different ethnicities into its fold, represented what to present-day observers comes closer to political liberalism than the so-called liberal national parties that opposed Habsburg rule.

The surveys of the Istanbul Prehistoric Research Project that have been carried out since 2014 in and around the Istanbul Büyükçekmece Lake, discovered not only prehistoric materials but also a considerable number of small findings, ceramics and architectural elements from the Classical Period. A great deal of effort was spent to identify the long wall, extending roughly along the lake"s ancient coast line, which surfaces during the years of drought when the lake"s water recedes considerably. Antique geographers mention the region in a line or two, as a small town named after Athyra(s), a river flowing into the Marmara Sea from the north. Procopius, an important historian of the 6th Century, informs us in his book "On Buildings"(Greek: ΠερὶΚτισμάτων, PerìKtismáton; Latin: De aedificiis) that Emperor Justinian built a reservoir at the request of people affected by drought in a town called Athyra, near Constantinople. At first glance, knowing that the lake now not ...

THE JEWS OF MONTENEGRO FROM ANTIQUITY UNTIL THE HOLOCAUST.  František Šístek: Jevreji u Crnoj Gori od antike do Holokausta, Cetinje: Fakultet za crnogorski jezik i književnost 2022, 360 pgs.  The first overview of the Jewish history of Montenegro.

Reviewers: prof. Ivo Goldstein (University of Zagreb), Dr. Elijas Tauber (University of Sarajevo) 

Editors: prof. Adnan Čirgić, prof. Boban Batrićević, doc. Aleksandar Radoman (Faculty for Montenegrin Language and Literature, Cetinje)

Publisher: Faculty for Montenegrin Language and Literature, Cetinje

Design by Dejan Batrićević (Cetinje)

The Manuscript of this book was awarded II Prize of the 65th Literary Competition of the Federation of Jewish Communities of Serbia for Manuscripts on a Jewish Theme in 2021 (65. nagradni konkurz SJOS za radove sa jevrejskom temom za 2021. godinu, II. nagrada) by the Federation of Jewish Communities of Serbia in Belgrade, December 9, 2021.  Jury: prof. Milan Ristović, prof. Filip David, Bogdan A. Popović.

Rukopis ove knjige nagrađen je u Beogradu 9. decembra 2021. II nagradom 65. nagradnog konkursa Saveza jevrejskih opština Srbije za rukopise na jevrejsku temu za 2021 godinu. Žiri su činili istoričar prof. dr Milan Ristović, književnik prof. Filip David i književni kritičar Bogdan A. Popović.

В статье рассматривается то, какое место заняла славянская символика в публикациях русской прессы во время Балканских войн. Именно ее значительная часть газет использовала при описании событий. Таким образом, забытой оказалась Греция. Однако русское общество проявляло к ней мало симпатий. Славянство стало олицетворением христианства, прогресса, свободы и антигерманизма. В силу ряда факторов наиболее активно использовалось символика братства и общего славянского дела. Когда конфликт между Болгарией и Сербией стал очевидным, русское общество активно стало говорить об ответственности не только за братоубийство, но и за разрушение общего славянского дела. В результате Второй балканской войны зазвучали голоса, требовавшие отказаться от славянской поли-тики России. Однако роль символа славянства была слишком велика, чтобы его можно было отбросить. Потому появились попытки спасти символ славянского братства и найти событиям иные причины событий

1908/1909 yillari Turk-Osmanli basinin gelisimi acisindan belirleyici bir donem olmustur. Mesrutiyetin tekrar yururluge konulmasiyla daha serbest bir donem ortaya cikmis ise de, Balkanlar’da cereyan eden Bosna-Hersek ilhak krizi ile Bulgaristan’in bagimsizligi, devleti bir kriz ortamina getirmis ve 31 Mart vakasina yol acilmistir. Bahse konu donem icerisinde Sabah, Servet i Funun ile Volkan gazeteleri incelenmeye tabii tutulmus ve milli olarak algilanan bu konularda yorum farkiyla beraber Osmanli Devleti’nin cikarlarinin savunuldugu gorulmustur. Kamuoyu kavrami o donem esnasinda pekistirilmistir ve gazeteler, kamuoyunu sekillendirme araci olarak belirgin bir rol oynamaya baslamislardir.

Historia e shtypshkrimit, shkronjave dhe alfabeteve shqiptare. Parafjala e librit dhe kapitulli mbi shtypshkronjat e para ndër shqiptarë.

The history of Albanian printing, characters and alphabets. The preface from the book and a chapter on first printing presses to print in th Albanian language.

Prodor islama prema zapadu uticao je na stvaranje jedne nove skupine na Mediteranu-Sakaliba. Dolazeći kao plaćenici i robovi u novi islamski svijet, ova skupina je brzo napredovali i zauzimali važna mjesta u novoformiranim državama. Značajan dio Sakaliba je došao sa istočne obale Jadranskog mora i njenog zaleđa. U tekstu se razmatra učešće Neretljana, ali i ostalih stanovnika istočne obale Jadranskog mora u formiranju i genezi Sakaliba, kao i raspoloživi podaci iz njihove historije.

After the death of King Dusan which resulted with the fall of Raska, the economically advanced cities in Kosova: Novoberda, Trepca, Prishtina, Prizreni, Peja etc., remained partially under the Slavic reign of Stefan Lazar and Gjergj Brankoviq, whereas the western cities remained under the reign of Albanian aristocratic families such as Balshaj and Dukagjini. After the successful campaigns of Ottomans in 1427-1428 and 1441, the territory of Kosova was conquered by the Ottomans. The successful Hungarian and Polish campaigns against the Ottomans in the Battle of Nish in 1443, managed to overthrow the Ottomans from the Balkans. However, after the Battle of Varna in November of 1444, the Ottomans regained reign on the territory of Kosova. Seeing that Gjergj Brankoviq resurfaced as an Ottoman ally during this time, the Ottomans acknowledged him the right to reign over a large part of the Kosovar territory, as a vassal. After the fall of Constantinople on the 19 th of May 1453, Sultan Mehm...

XIV. yüzyılda Arnavutluk’ta Osmanlı fetihleri, kısa süreli ve geçici mahiyette olmakla birlikte XV. yüzyıldan itibaren kalıcı bir hâkimiyeti sağlamak amacıyla yapılmıştır. Gerçi 1443 yılında İzladi savaşını kaybetmesiyle birlikte dengeler Osmanlılar açısından değişmişti. Bu arada karışıklıktan istifade eden İskender Bey, Osmanlı ordusundan kaçarak Arnavutluk’ta babasının toprakları olan Kocacık ve Akçahisar’ı ele geçirerek isyan etmiştir. İskender Bey’in isyanı, daha ziyade Kuzey Arnavutluk’ta cereyan etmiş olup Güney Arnavutluk’ta pek etkin olmamıştır. Uzun yıllar Osmanlı yönetimini meşgul eden isyan hareketini, bizzat bastırmak için şehzadelik döneminden itibaren Fatih Sultan Mehmed’in ciddi girişimleri olmuştur. Nihayetinde 1468 yılında İskender Bey’in vefatıyla isyan hadisesi sona ermiştir.
Fatih Sultan Mehmed zamanında Osmanlıların, Arnavutluk’taki hâkimiyeti tamamıyla muhafazakâr bir karakter taşımıştır. Ani bir fetih ve yerleşmenin söz konusu olmamıştır. Gayr-i Müslim tebaa tımar sistemi bünyesinde değerlendirilmesine karşılık olarak hiçbir şekilde zorla İslamlaştırılmaları söz konusu değildir. Osmanlılar, Venedik ve Napoli devletlerinden farklı olarak bölgenin imar ve iskânına önem vermişlerdir. Fetihlerle birlikte Anadolu’da yaşayan ahali bölgeyi şenletmesi amacıyla iskân edilmişlerdir. Bunun yanında bilhassa Arnavutluk askeri sınıfına mensup olanlar da Anadolu’ya yerleştirilmişlerdir. Fatih Sultan Mehmed, bölgede hâkim olduğu süre içerisinde kalıcı bir yerleşmeyi amaçladığından planlı bir şekilde hareket etmiştir. Fatih Sultan Mehmed, Arnavutluk üzerinde kesin bir hâkimiyet tesis etmekle birlikte birtakım idari düzenlemeler gerçekleştirmiştir. Sasan adası ve Karaburun yarımadası ile çevrili bulunan körfez kesimindeki Avlonya, sancak olarak teşekkül olmuştur.

Source: Peuce (New Series) History and Archaeology Studies and Research (Peuce (Serie Nouă) Studii şi cercetari de istorie şi arheologie), issue: 7 / 2009, pages: 948, on www.ceeol.com. ... CÂTEVA OBSERVAŢII ASUPRA UNOR SITURI ENEOLITICE DIN ...

Gott berichtet im Koran an verschiedenen Stellen von seinen Schönsten Namen (al-Asmā al-Ḥusnā). Über Jahrhunderte haben sich muslimische Gelehrte damit beschäftigt, diese Namen zu erklären und zu interpretieren. Der Gelehrte und Sufi Meḥmed Ḫulūṣī el-Ustrumcavī versuchte eben dies im 18. Jahrhundert in Strumica, im heutigen Nordmazedonien.
Die Autorin hat sein Manuskript ediert sowie übersetzt und inhaltlich kommentiert. Die Handschrift erscheint somit erstmals in perso-arabischer Schrift in osmanisch-türkischer Sprache mit dazugehöriger deutscher Übersetzung. Zusätzlich reflektiert die Autorin das Thema im Kontext der Geschichte des europäischen Islams sowie im Kontext der in Deutschland neu entstandenen Islamischen Theologie und Religionspädagogik.

The last major cultural step that paved the way for the emergence of world civilizations is the "Food Producing Revolution", which we also call the "Neolithic Revolution", that is, the emergence of farming-based settled life and the gradual replacement of this form of livelihood with hunting-gathering all over the world. The earliest center of the Neolithic Revolution was Northern Mesopotamia, especially Southeastern Anatolia. This is also the region where farming is exported to neighboring lands. Food production has spread to many parts of the earth through “migration/colonization” and “acculturation”. Those who introduced domestic animals (goat, sheep, cattle, pig) and plants (barley, wheat, peas, chickpeas, lentils, flax, bitter vetch) to Europe were most likely farmers who migrated from Anatolia to the Aegean islands and the Balkans. But it is also possible that Mesolithic hunter-gatherers-fishers in the Balkans learned about agriculture, stockbreeding and Neolithic material culture thanks to the trade networks carried out in the Aegean Sea, adopted the Neolithic traits and were incorporated into farming communities. In this paper, I will support the integrationist model described by Zvelebil, which involves both pioneer colonization and acculturation. Anatolian immigrants and/or local sailors introduced to the Balkans not only food production, but also settled life and its material culture. As in Anatolia, mud, stones, tree branches and logs were used as building materials in the first Balkan houses. It is clear that the architecture and material culture in the first Balkan villages were shaped by the Anatolian influence. In the paper, the material culture of Southern Balkan villages, which was established by the migrations from Anatolia to the Aegean islands and the coasts of Greece, and/or where European native hunter-gatherers emulated the Anatolian culture, will be examined; As the Neolithic livelihood spread in the northern regions (Thessaly, Macedonia, Serbia, Thrace and Bulgaria), it will be tried to determine what kind of transformations the material cultural elements, especially the house architecture, went through.

Until now the Greek liberation movements of 1797, which obviously include the movement of Rhigas Velestinlis and his comrades, have been presented in historiography as initiatives
of isolated individuals or groups. This study examines the relationship of these
movements not only among themselves but also with the separatist movements of the Muslim notables (ayan) Busatlıs of Shkodër and Osman
Vidin's Pazvantoğlu, as well as the role of Bonaparte and the Directory
in these movements. This approach is mainly based on
testimonies unexploited until now, taken from the correspondence of the
Consul of France in Trieste A. Bréchet and newspapers from Paris, Frankfurt and Wessel.

This study explores the validity of two views: the dominant view in historiography that the revolutionary design of Rhigas Velestinlis and his companions was the work of a select group of visionaries; on the other hand, that enunciated recently by Rossitsa Gradeva, namely
that the participation in this project of Osman Pazvantoğlu, ayan of Vidin, existed only in the imagination of the author of Thourios. A different reading of
unknown, or lesser-known, testimonies call into question both of these points
of view and demonstrates the following facts. On the one hand, that the project of revolution
de Rhigas had been organized secretly by a numerous network; else
hand, that Rhigas and Pazvantoğlu had known each other since 1788 and that they had
embraced the same project. The two men had vainly believed that their
plan, which aimed above all at the liberation from the tyranny of the sultan, could be
achieve with the support of France, because it was the only Great Power in
the time which seemed to follow a policy of revision of geopolitical balances.

Nevoja e ndërmarrjes së studimeve ndërdisiplinore në hulumtimin historik bëhet gjithnjë e më e theksuar me shtimin e të dhënave shkencore të disponueshme të cilat shpien në sinteza gjithnjë e më të sakta të dukurive historike. Në këtë punim, si rast studimi kemi zgjedhur fiset Krasniqe dhe Nikaj si dy ndër fiset më të mëdha shqiptare, prej të cilave kemi mbledhur 23 mostra për sekuencim gjenetik. Të dhënat gjenetike mbështesin një sërë të dhënash të tjera të karakterit historik, etnografik, antropologjik dhe njëkohësisht shërbejnë si pasurim i mëtejshëm i historisë së këtyre fiseve dhe si plotësim i mozaikut të të dhënave mbi popullatat apo fiset që përbëjnë etninë shqiptare. Rezultatet tregojnë se vëllazëritë kryesore të të dy fiseve kanë prejardhje të përbashkët në vijë atërore, dhe se vëllazëritë e Krasniqes lidhen më afër mes tyre se me ato të Nikajve. Gjithashtu, anëtarë të të dy fiseve trashëgojnë një haplogrup karakteristik për shqiptarët e Veriut, i cili lidhet edhe me disa rezultate të lashta nga rajoni. Të dhënat gjenetike duke u trajtuar dhe përdorur në cilësinë e burimit historik, shërbejnë për historicizimin e të dhënave të mjegulluara nga koha dhe të parikthyeshme përmes metodave tradicionale historiografike.

The surveys of the Istanbul Prehistoric Research Project that have been carried out since 2014 in and around the Istanbul Büyükçekmece Lake, discovered not only prehistoric materials but also a considerable number of small findings, ceramics and architectural elements from the Classical Period. A great deal of effort was spent to identify the long wall, extending roughly along the lake"s ancient coast line, which surfaces during the years of drought when the lake"s water recedes considerably. Antique geographers mention the region in a line or two, as a small town named after Athyra(s), a river flowing into the Marmara Sea from the north. Procopius, an important historian of the 6th Century, informs us in his book "On Buildings"(Greek: ΠερὶΚτισμάτων, PerìKtismáton; Latin: De aedificiis) that Emperor Justinian built a reservoir at the request of people affected by drought in a town called Athyra, near Constantinople. At first glance, knowing that the lake now not ...

Collection - 580 "MANAKI BROTHERS - BITOLA 1853-1964"

The archival assessment of the Collection crystallizes the recognition and scientific substantiation of Milton Manaki's historical vision and broader social awareness. The public view and the availability of the archival material initiates an act of re-reading the past and participation in the culture of remembrance. The re-actualization holds a potential for cultural growth and collective progress in which the archival care for cultural heritage has the largest share. The Collection reveals another picture, related to the modernist avant-garde that made its way through the oriental cities in the long period of the 19th and a short period of the 20th century. In the photographic work of Milton Manaki - the local population is never just that - but it is also an historical factor, a participant in turbulent events, not just a silent sufferer of History - it acquires its own face. The approach to the new and so far undiscovered sensibilities of the biographical profile and the life story of the striking modernist Milton, reveals something more about the citizens of Bitola and challenges the limits of local identity - it requires us to perceive universal threads and contributions in the Balkan subjectivity. The expert research and cultural popularization of the Collection contains an institutional omnidirectionality in the building of the critical and individual attitude towards the Collection as a national and public good - a necessary prerequisite for responsible and emancipatory cultural action in the community.

Secolul XIX a reprezentat revirimentul naționalismului și în zona balcanică, statele de aici aflându-se sub ocupația otomană de circa 500 de ani. După diverse revolte, unele înecate în sânge de otomani, și după intervenția Marilor Puteri, mai ales a Rusiei și ulterior a Austro-Ungariei, statele balcanice vor ieși treptat de sub tutela Porții. Grecia își va câștiga independența la începutul secolului XIX, după un cumplit și sângeros război. Capital a fost războiul din 1877–1878, când România, Serbia și Muntenegru vor deveni independente, iar Bulgaria autonomă. Aceste țări vor continua să se pregătească pentru confruntarea finală cu Imperiul Otoman, fără a lăsa însă la o parte disensiunile – uneori grave – dintre ele. La începutul secolului XX, situația părea propice declanșării unui război contra otomanilor. Statele balcanice se pregătiseră intens – importaseră arme, armament și muniție dintre cele mai moderne, își instruiseră armatele după model european, își trimiseseră ofițerii la înalte școli militare din Occident și duseseră o vie activitate diplomatică. Grecia avea și flotă modernă. Aviația militară va fi și ea folosită pentru prima dată de aceste țări. Totul părea pregătit pentru victorie.

This article deals with Turkey’s increasing involvement and activism in the Balkans between 2002 and 2016, under the government of the Justice and Development Party. The central focus is Turkey’s pliable state apparatus; the Presidency of Religious Affairs and its activities in the region. The article therefore aims to answer the following questions: Why does Turkey use these various state apparatuses specifically as a foreign policy tool and how does their influence differ from country to country? What factors determine the scope of activity of Turkish transnational state apparatuses in the case of each country? And, how do local actors and public opinion respond to Turkey’s newly-emerging activities in the region?

II. Mesrutiyet Devri onde gelen fikir adamlarindan Filibeli Ahmed Efendi, sahibi oldu­gu Hikmet Gazetesinde basyazar olarak cesitli yazilar yayinlamistir. Hikmet, Osmanli Imparatorlugu’nun Mesrutiyet Doneminde yayinlanmis siyasi, kulturel felsefi fikir gazetele­rinden biridir. Calismamizda, Hikmet’in 21 Nisan 1910- 21 Eylul 1911 donemine ait sayi­lari detayli bir bicimde taranarak Filibeli Ahmed Hilmi Efendi’nin makaleleri uzerinden Itti­hat ve Terakki’ye iliskin degerlendirmelerde bulunulmustur. Siyasi atmosferin oldukca gergin oldugu bu donemde yazarin yapici elestiriler ile yazilarini kaleme aldigi gorulur. Kendisi soz konusu makaleleri ile demokrasi, muhalefet, usulsuzluk, yonetim gibi konulara ahlaki so­rumluluklar ve sistem elestirisi uzerinden onemli bakis acilari kazandirmistir. Son olarak, 25 Ekim 1912’de kapatilan gazetenin tekrar yayin hayatina baslamasi uzerine Balkan Harpleri donemi nushalarinin yazarin siyasi gundemi okuma bicimini anlayabilmek amaciyla genel bir tahli...

(= What can we learn about Turkish from the Balkan Slavic languages?)
The fırst work on the Turkish influence on a European language was published by Prince Adam Czartoryski as early as 1828. It seems that there has never been a discussion
of the features and processes, either in Slavic or in Turkish, that can be identifıed in
the borrowed material. This author tries to present the most important aspects of the
analytical approach to Turkish-Slavic linguistic contacts in the Balkans.