Historical Studies

When we think about food undoubtedly we are the protagonists, the eaters. However, within the broader biological context our own bodies are also living meals for a myriad of parasites. It is often through the very food we eat that we animals become unsuspecting hosts to a variety of parasites, and thus links within the wider food chain. As unappetizing as they are, these trophic connections are as significant as they are profound. Indeed, much of what biologists have come to know about the complex ecology and evolution of life on the planet over the last 4.5 billion years is premised on the dynamics of eating and being eaten. Whether a relationship is symbiotic or in fact parasitic between species can be a very fuzzy line and is often a matter of looking at the remarkable gustatory details. With an ecological perspective on the wider world of eating, our notions of ““food”” take on new meaning.

Abstract Cleaning an artwork is an extremely delicate and irreversible procedure in a conservation work. Art conservators constantly work to identify an appropriate and correct cleaning methods according to the requirements of different substrates and in order to solve different removal problems. In recent years, gels positively responded to the conservation requests becoming a valid help and, in several cases, the best alternative compared to traditional cleaning methods. This paper proposes a summary of the most recent results regarding agar gels and their applications in cleaning art surfaces; moreover, specific applications of agar gels formulated on purpose to address different conservation problems are also discussed.

ABSTRACT This article studies the invention of the classroom in a time of crisis – the one experienced after the independence war and in the framework of the Republic of Colombia building process (1819–1830). At that time, the expectations about the future were greater than the experiences about the past and there was confidence about the role of education in the process of transformation of the former vassal into Republican citizen. At that time, school practices were followed into the classroom that sought the distribution of the bodies in the classroom, the planning and synchronisation of the times in which the children were in school. The aim of all these school educational practices was the constitution of a republican citizen: disciplined, adherent to the norms, times, and instructions, and who recognised his place in a highly hierarchical society.

Regionalizing pre-colonial Africa aids in the collection and interpretation of primary sources as data for further analysis. This article includes a map with six broad regions and 34 sub-regions, which form a controlled vocabulary within which researchers may geographically organize and classify disparate pieces of information related to Africa’s past. In computational terms, the proposed African regions serve as data containers in order to consolidate, link, and disseminate research among a growing trend in digital humanities projects related to the history of the African diasporas before c. 1900. Our naming of regions aims to avoid terminologies derived from European slave traders, colonialism, and modern-day countries.

Ce nouvel ouvrage de Michel Cavillac temoigne d’un travail inlassable de questionnement du grand recit alemanien, pres de quinze ans apres la parution de Picaros y mercaderes en el Guzman de Alfarache (1994). « Atalayisme » et picaresque : la verite proscrite offre une version remaniee de trois textes dont la premiere publication s’echelonne entre les annees 1988 et 1993. La premiere de ces trois contributions, « La question du pere dans le roman picaresque » (pp. 9-38), s’efforce de repenser...

This article deals with the postwar confrontation of the rural and the urban in Poland. It sheds light on a time of mass migration to the cities and the postwar reconstruction in Central Europe, heading towards state-socialism, and focuses on official discourses concerning peasants as new social and political subjects and the intelligentsia’s response to rural newcomers. A testing ground for these processes was the Polish city of Łódź, the biggest textile industrial centre.These processes became the subject of both journalistic and academic inquiries framed by political efforts to reshape the ‘social imaginary’ (Taylor) through the state’s ‘socialist modernization’. Along with the scale of migration, there was another unprecedented aspect: peasants were becoming citizens, recognised political subjects, later even as privileged representatives of the People’s Republic. The postwar press and political speeches encouraged them to become a part of the modernisation project. Almost immed...