Health Sciences

Introduction: In Indian medical schools, most of the undergraduate teaching is mainly theoretical and mostly teacher centric, though now it is slowly changing to learner centric. In Microbiology, the second year medical students are taught “organism based” instead of “infection based”. Interactive Case-based learning (CBL) helps in better understanding of the basic concepts and helps in clinical correlation. Objective of the Study: To evaluate the effectiveness of an interactive case based learning methodology in teaching microbiology to undergraduate medical students. Methodology: The crossover interventional study was undertaken at government medical college, Palakkad. The second year MBBS students were briefed regarding the study and were divided into two groups (test and control group). The case-based learning modules were prepared after discussion with the department- faculty and clinician and then validated by renowned faculties from different medical colleges and implemented....

Background: Test anxiety is a major factor contributing to a variety of negative outcomes including psychological distress, academic under achievement and academic failure. Many students have the cognitive ability to do well in the examinations, but may not do so because of high level of test anxiety. Nadi Shodhana pranayama is a powerful tool for the reduction and prevention of test anxiety. Purpose: To assess the effectiveness of Nadi Shodhana pranayama on test anxiety among Nursing students of a selected Nursing College, Bengaluru. Materials & Methods: Pre- experimental, one group pre-test post-test research design was used. Non-probability purposive sampling technique was used to select the samples who are suffering with test anxiety. 45 students were selected by using Westside Test Anxiety inventory (WTAI). Results: Paired t test was applied to compare pre and post intervention on test anxiety. The calculated ‘t’ value was11.9 which was higher than the table value (2.01) at 0.0...

Introduction: Diseases of the ear, nose and throat (ENT) affect the functioning of adults as well as children. The Objective of this study was to assess the antibiotic usage in ENT outpatient. Material &Method: Total 200 prescriptions were randomly analyzed. The data was collected in customized Performa including patient’s particulars, probable diagnosis, drug details and information regarding drugs, doses and dosage forms. Result: Of total 200 cases, 110 patients were diagnosed of Ear disease ie(Chronic Supportive Otitis Media (CSOM) (60%), Acute Supportive Otitis Media (ASOM) (10%), Glue Ear (3%) and Otitis externa (2%) and remaining 90 patients were found to be suffering from either Nose & Throat disease ie UTI(33%), Sinusitis(25%), Tonsillitis (10%), Pharyngitis (5%), Laryngitis (2%), Epiglottis (1%), Tonsilo adenoiditis (10%), Posterior pharyngeal abscess (2%), Laryngo pharyngitis (5%) Furunculosis (5%) and oral cavity ulcer (2%). Out of the total 653 drugs prescribed, 338 were...

The researcher conducted a longitudinal descriptive study to understand the levels of stress, anxiety and depression among COVID-19 patients admitted in Apex Super Speciality Hospital, Varanasi India using DASS-21 scale. The data collection was done from August 2020 to October 2020 among conscious patient with prior consents from eligible patients using consecutive sampling method. The DASS-21 tool was administered to the respondents along with basic demographic data. The major analysis was done by using SPSS (20.0 version). the result suggest that out of 96 samples 91.6% (88) had no stress and 1.04% (1) had extreme stress, 79.16% (76) had no anxiety and 2.08% (2) had extreme anxiety. 90.62% (87) had no depression and 1.04% (1) had extremely severe depression. On associating the demographic variables there was significant association with between marital status and Stress, Anxiety and Depression and also significant association between Sex and Anxiety and Depression. The researchers...

A double burden of malnutrition occurs when individuals, household members or communities experience both undernutrition and overweight. Here, we show geospatial estimates of overweight and wasting prevalence among children under 5 years of age in 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) from 2000 to 2017 and aggregate these to policy-relevant administrative units. Wasting decreased overall across LMICs between 2000 and 2017, from 8.4% (62.3 (55.1–70.8) million) to 6.4% (58.3 (47.6–70.7) million), but is predicted to remain above the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target of <5% in over half of LMICs by 2025. Prevalence of overweight increased from 5.2% (30 (22.8–38.5) million) in 2000 to 6.0% (55.5 (44.8–67.9) million) children aged under 5 years in 2017. Areas most affected by double burden of malnutrition were located in Indonesia, Thailand, southeastern China, Botswana, Cameroon and central Nigeria. Our estimates provide a new perspective to researchers, poli...

Objectives: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with increased risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and all-cause mortality. This cross-sectional study examined the prevalence of MetS and its component traits among students in a Nigerian university in whom there are limited data. Methods: 173 students (109 females and 64 males) students aged 18 – 30 years with no prior diagnosis of any component trait of MetS participated in the study. We obtained anthropometry, blood pressure (BP), fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and complete lipid profile of the participants. MetS was defined using the modified National Cholesterol Education Program for Adult Treatment III Guidelines (NCEPATPIII), the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and the Joint Interim Statement (JIS) criteria. Results: The prevalence rates of MetS according to the NCEP-ATP III, IDF and JIS criteria were 4.0, 3.5 and 5.8% respectively. Elevated BP, FPG, increased waist circumference (NCEP) a...

Public places within Nigeria are ever humming with tremendous activity and accordingly reflecting growth and development of the host cities. The ensuing channelization demands of these centres calls for apposite sanitation to enhancing efficient operation and utilization. This study was undertaken to assess the present status of onsite sanitation facilities in public places within Akure, to trace problems related to sanitation and solid waste management. Logical sampling methods were used to sample the users and passers-by of selected public places. Primary data were acquired from scrutinizing sanitation facilities, employing questionnaire, and interviewing the chief players-drivers and traders-in these centres. Qualitative and quantitative data obtained from both primary and secondary sources were employed for this study. Survey facts were analyzed using descriptive statistical method while Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) was further util...

Background: Urinary Incontinence is an unpleasant and most common problem for many adults, mainly majority of the women in today’s fast life, stress incontinence being the commonest. Weak pelvic floor muscles are mainly responsible for urinary incontinence. It is a distressing and disabling condition mainly affecting the social and psychological well being of an individual. Various forms of pelvic floor muscle exercises are used to reduce the severity of stress urinary incontinence by improving the strength of the pelvic floor muscles. Thus, this study was done to check the effectiveness of the use of Tanzberger Exercises in women with urinary incontinence and their impact on the quality of life of the women. Method: Twenty women suffering from stress urinary incontinence were selected by convenient sampling method. Modified Oxford Scale (MOS) was used to assess the pelvic floor muscle strength. Kings Health Questionnaire (KHQ) was used to assess the Quality of Life (QOL) and Tanzbe...

Background High-resolution estimates of HIV burden across space and time provide an important tool for tracking and monitoring the progress of prevention and control efforts and assist with improving the precision and efficiency of targeting efforts. We aimed to assess HIV incidence and HIV mortality for all second-level administrative units across sub-Saharan Africa. Methods In this modelling study, we developed a framework that used the geographically specific HIV prevalence data collected in seroprevalence surveys and antenatal care clinics to train a model that estimates HIV incidence and mortality among individuals aged 15-49 years. We used a model-based geostatistical framework to estimate HIV prevalence at the second administrative level in 44 countries in sub-Saharan Africa for 2000-18 and sought data on the number of individuals on antiretroviral therapy (ART) by second-level administrative unit. We then modified the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP) to use these HIV ...

A double burden of malnutrition occurs when individuals, household members or communities experience both undernutrition and overweight. Here, we show geospatial estimates of overweight and wasting prevalence among children under 5 years of age in 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) from 2000 to 2017 and aggregate these to policy-relevant administrative units. Wasting decreased overall across LMICs between 2000 and 2017, from 8.4% (62.3 (55.1–70.8) million) to 6.4% (58.3 (47.6–70.7) million), but is predicted to remain above the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target of <5% in over half of LMICs by 2025. Prevalence of overweight increased from 5.2% (30 (22.8–38.5) million) in 2000 to 6.0% (55.5 (44.8–67.9) million) children aged under 5 years in 2017. Areas most affected by double burden of malnutrition were located in Indonesia, Thailand, southeastern China, Botswana, Cameroon and central Nigeria. Our estimates provide a new perspective to researchers, poli...

The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a rules-based synthesis of the available evidence on levels and trends in health outcomes, a diverse set of risk factors, and health system responses. GBD 2019 covered 204 countries and territories, as well as first administrative level disaggregations for 22 countries, from 1990 to 2019. Because GBD is highly standardised and comprehensive, spanning both fatal and non-fatal outcomes, and uses a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of hierarchical disease and injury causes, the study provides a powerful basis for detailed and broad insights on global health trends and emerging challenges. GBD 2019 incorporates data from 281 586 sources and provides more than 3·5 billion estimates of health outcome and health system measures of interest for global, national, and subnational policy dialogue. All GBD estimates are publicly available and adhere to the Guidelines on Accurate and Transparent...

A double burden of malnutrition occurs when individuals, household members or communities experience both undernutrition and overweight. Here, we show geospatial estimates of overweight and wasting prevalence among children under 5 years of age in 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) from 2000 to 2017 and aggregate these to policy-relevant administrative units. Wasting decreased overall across LMICs between 2000 and 2017, from 8.4% (62.3 (55.1–70.8) million) to 6.4% (58.3 (47.6–70.7) million), but is predicted to remain above the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target of <5% in over half of LMICs by 2025. Prevalence of overweight increased from 5.2% (30 (22.8–38.5) million) in 2000 to 6.0% (55.5 (44.8–67.9) million) children aged under 5 years in 2017. Areas most affected by double burden of malnutrition were located in Indonesia, Thailand, southeastern China, Botswana, Cameroon and central Nigeria. Our estimates provide a new perspective to researchers, poli...

Beta-thalassemia is a group of hereditary blood disorders characterized by reduced or absent beta globin chain synthesis, resulting in chronic hemolytic anemia and ineffective erythropoiesis. Individuals with β-thalassemia have widely variable clinical manifestations, extending from nearly asymptomatic to severe anemia requiring lifelong regular blood transfusions and complicated by multiple organ damage. Chronic transfusion inevitably leads to iron overload which necessitates iron chelation therapy. Current overview about the disease clinical picture, method of diagnosis, complications and principles of management is going to be discussed in brief.

Myelolipomas as the name itself suggests are tumors consisting of myeloid tissue and lipomatous tissue in variable proportion. Though rare, these tumors are usually confined to retroperitoneum with adrenals being the most common site. Adrenal myelolipoma (AML) is a rare benign tumour with reported incidence being less than 0.5%. Usually these tumors are detected incidentally on imaging done for some other reasons and most of the times they are unilateral and small. When small these tumors are mostly asymptomatic and hormonally inactive. Giant and bilateral adrenal myelolipomas are very rare tumors. We here report a rare case of bilateral giant adrenal myelolipoma in a 47 year old male who presented to us with history of lump and pain on left side of the abdomen. On evaluation, he had bilateral giant adrenal myelolipomas, left being 22x15x12 cm and right being 11x8.2x7cms with hypertension. Laboratory examination of adrenal function revealed normal results. Bilateral adrenalectomy wa...