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The ottoman presence in the present-day Greece began from the second half of the 14th c. and until the end of the 14th c. the Ottomans conquered almost all North of Greece namely the cities of Thrace, Macedonia and Thessaly. During the... more

The ottoman presence in the present-day Greece began from the second half of the 14th c. and until the end of the 14th c. the Ottomans conquered almost all North of Greece namely the cities of Thrace, Macedonia and Thessaly. During the next century i.e. the 15th c. almost all the lands of Greece were dominated by the Ottomans. During the ottoman domination of Greece the Ottomans built an immense number of religious, welfare and public establishments. The dissertation aims to detect the byzantine influences on the ottoman architecture of Greece. This kind of comparative studies enriches the understanding of both cultures and promotes the communication between them. I selected this subject in order to show better the continuity of art and architecture practices sponsored by two different patrons with different religions, aiming to investigate the origins of the ottoman architecture in its formation stage. The research is presented through preface, introduction, three introductive topics, the catalogue of the 15 selected ottoman monuments, four chapters which discuss the main items of the research, bibliography and tables. The descriptive study includes 15 selected ottoman monuments of the study in chronological order, to facilitate the understanding of the character of the ottoman architecture in general and of the ottoman mosque in Greece above all. The analytical study of the dissertation "The Byzantine influences on the Early Ottoman architecture in Greece", which, in the light of the descriptive study of the ottoman monuments in Greece, draws the conclusions of the research through four main chapters: a) Chapter I discusses the site of the ottoman monuments in relation to the pre-existing byzantine monuments through eight main points : the Ottoman construction activities using the pre-existing towns in Greece, the Ottoman construction activities after capturing a region of the Byzantine State, the categories of the construction activities of the Ottomans in Greece, selecting the sites of the Ottomans' foundations, the use of the existing buildings of Byzantine towns, reuse of an existing building with (or without) limited alterations or additions, reuse of the existing site of a ruined building (location) and the impact of the reuse of the older sites. b) In Chapter II the materials and the building techniques of the ottoman monuments in Greece are discussed, showing the continuity of the byzantine practices in the light of the following points : the ottoman monuments in Greece and their building materials (structural and secondary), and the building techniques which comprise the construction of foundations and walls, the formation of the facades as well as the surface ornamentation. c) Chapter III deals with the plan and the architectural elements of the ottoman mosques in Greece showing the byzantine influences. We propose a new typology of the ottoman mosques in Greece which suggest eight types: The Single-unit Mosque, the Single-unit Mosque with side rooms, the Single-unit Mosque with articulated interior, the Eywan mosque, the quatrefoil plan, the courtyard mosque, the multi- domed mosque and the octagonal mosque. Furthermore the portico "rewaq" and the transition systems are discussed. The discussion shows the byzantine influence on the transition system and on the plan including the use of the pendentives, the use of the half-dome and the influence of the "cross-in-square or Quincunx" byzantine plan. In the same chapter which deals with the architectural elements of the ottoman mosques in Greece, domes, arches, mihrabs, columns and windows are included, which reflect similarities with the byzantine architecture. d) Chapter IV is a conclusion showing that the byzantine architecture constitutes one of the fundamental origins of the ottoman architecture. This presentation discusses the relationship between the Byzantine and the Islamic civilization through their history, showing the impact of this contact especially on the Islamic architecture. The dissertation concludes that the byzantine architecture forms one of the basic origins of the Ottoman architecture of Greece. And certify that the byzantine practices continued in the Ottoman architecture with the byzantine craftsmen

Kanunî Sultan Süleyman 1566’da, Macaristan’a düzenlediği son seferi sırasında, Zigetvar Kalesi’nin fethinden bir gün önce otağında vefat etmiş, bedeni tahnit edilerek otağının içindeki tahtının altında geçici olarak toprağa verilmiş,... more

Kanunî Sultan Süleyman 1566’da, Macaristan’a düzenlediği son seferi sırasında, Zigetvar Kalesi’nin fethinden bir gün önce otağında vefat etmiş, bedeni tahnit edilerek otağının içindeki tahtının altında geçici olarak toprağa verilmiş, tahnit sırasında çıkarılan iç organları da
gömülmüştü. Gömü yeri üzerine, önce bir türbe daha sonra ise Vezîr-i âzam Sokullu Mehmet Paşa tarafından bir cami ve bir de tekke inşa edilerek bir makam-külliyesi meydana getirildi. Külliye
alanı, ahşap savunma duvarlarıyla korunan bir kale (palanka) içindeydi. Zamanla ziyaretgâha dönüşen Türbe-Palankası etrafında bir yerleşim oluştuğu özgün kaynaklardan bilinmektedir. Bu yerleşim, Zigetvar ve çevresinin 1689’da Habsburglara terk edilmesini izleyen süreçte tahribata uğrayarak tümüyle yok olmuş, yapıların ortadan kalkmasıyla beraber bağ ve bahçelik bir alan haline gelmiş, yeri zamanla unutulmuştur. 2012 yılında, Türk İşbirliği ve Koordinasyon Ajansı (TİKA) ile Zigetvar Belediyesi arasında iki ülkenin ortak tarihini korumak hedefiyle bir protokol imzalandı. Buna ilaveten Zigetvar Seferi sırasında Kanuni Sultan Süleyman’ın iç organlarının gömüldüğü türbesini bulmak ve yeniden inşa etmek üzere karşılıklı bir Araştırma Destek Antlaşması da imzalanmıştır. Bu kapsamda, 2013 yılında, Pécs Üniversitesi tarafından farklı uzmanlık alanlarını içeren bir ekibin oluşturduğu Kanuni Sultan Süleyman’ın Türbesi’ni bulmak hedefli yeni bir araştırma projesi hayata geçirilmiştir. Projenin ilk aşamasında, özgün yazılı kaynaklar ile görsel malzemelerin değerlendirilmesi, tarihi haritaların analizi, Zigetvar ve çevresindeki arazinin jeoinformasyon teknikleri (GIS) ile modellenmesi çalışmaları gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmalardan elde edilen verilerin Zigetvar’ın kuzeydoğusunda Üzüm Tepesi olarak bilinen bir alanı işaret etmesi üzerine saha çalışmalarına geçilmiştir. Yüzey araştırmaları, sondajlar, lazer (LIPAR) ve jeofizik taramaların (GPR) araştırma bulgularını desteklemesi ve arazide türbe, cami ve tekkenin temel kalıntılarının belirlenmesi sonucunda, alanda 2015, 2016 ve 2017 yıllarında ODTÜ’den Türk ve Pécs Üniversitesi’nden Macar ekiplerinin ortak çalıştığı arkeolojik kazılar yürütülmüştür.

The Tomb-Palanka of Sultan Suleiman Magnificent in Szigetvar
Research and Archaeological Excavations 2015-2017

Sultan Suleiman Magnificent deceased in his royal tent one day before the conquest of the Szigetvár Fortress in 1566. His body was temporarily buried underneath his throne after embalmed before being carried to Istanbul. His entrails were also buried in the same place. Later
a tomb was built above the spot, and Sokollu Mehmed Pasha commissioned a mosque and a tekke (dervish convent) next to the tomb within the ramparts of a palanka (redoubt). Ottoman sources
inform us that a settlement became formed around the palanka. This settlement was demolished after the Habsburg infiltration to the area following the Ottoman defeats in 1689. The site fell
into oblivion since plantations replaced it. In 2012, a memorandum of understanding was signed between Turkish Corporation and Coordination Agency (TIKA) and Szigetvár Municipality
to protect the common history of the two countries. This was followed by a Research Support Agreement in order to locate and rebuild Suleiman the Magnificent’s tomb where his internal organs were buried during his final campaign. In 2013 a multidisciplinary team brought together by Pécs University initiated a project to find the Tomb of Sultan Suleiman. The first stage covered evaluation of the written and visual sources, analysis of the historical maps and landscape
modelling by GIS technologies around Szigetvár. The information obtained from these studies showed a hilltop in the northeast of Szigetvár named Zsibót-Turbék Szölöhegy (Vine Hill) as the
most possible site of the Tomb-Palanka of Sultan Suleiman. The research group conducted surface survey, drilling and geophysical scanning on the hilltop. The practical studies in these methods
proved that the tomb, the mosque and the tekke of the tomb-palanka of Sultan Suleiman existed in the site. Then archaeological excavations became initiated with the involvement of the Turkish and Hungarian teams from METU Ankara and Pécs Universities in September 2015. The second and third excavation seasons followed in July, 2016 and September 2017.

Paper presented in Greek at the Colloque "Monuments ottomans en Grèce: héritages en négociation," held at École Française d’Athènes, 20-22/6/2019.

Lecture delivered in Greek. Organized by The Greek Committee for South-East European Studies & The Historical and Palaeographical Archive National Bank of Greece Cultural Foundation (ΙΠΑ/ΜΙΕΤ) Friday, May 10, 2019, 7 p.m. ΙΠΑ/ΜΙΕΤ,... more

Lecture delivered in Greek at the Kastritseion Museum for the Culture of Constantinople and Asia Minor. Organized by the Society for the Study of Near East and the Seminar of Ottoman Language and Paleography in Athens, Greece, on... more

37ο Επιμορφωτικό Σεμινάριο Ξεναγών
Ο "Κλασικός Γύρος". Βυζαντινά και μεσαιωνικά μνημεία. Σύγχρονη ματιά στην ιστορική Πολιτιστική Διαδρομή
16 Φεβρουαρίου 2019
Πολεμικό Μουσείο Αθηνών

The design and construction of buildings during the Ottoman period has been the subject of extensive research in the past. However, the implementation of sketches and the constructional tracing of basic building elements pertain to a... more

The design and construction of buildings during the Ottoman period has been the subject of extensive research in the past. However, the implementation of sketches and the constructional tracing of basic building elements pertain to a relatively unknown scientific field, which requires further research. The main objective of the present study is to analyse thoroughly the methods of constructional tracing, based on a variety of examples of traditional buildings of the late Ottoman period from northern Greece. The importance of this documentation in the scientific restoration is great, as important data arises for the precise design and chronology of historical constructions.
The approach methodology initially concerns the presentation of the broader scientific framework and the analysis of the design and constructional tracing of the structures. Initially, the design issues related to typology and the connection with the earlier, Byzantine urban architecture are mentioned. The metric system of the ottoman architectural cubit is analysed and an effort is made to explain its origin. The basic tracing and construction tools used by the master builders are presented. At the same time, the basic methods of tracing the structures based mainly on the use of Pythagorean right-angled triangles, as well as on the ad-quadratum medieval system are analysed.
The analysis of the module and the proportions of the presented examples shows that specific numerical metric models and right-angled triangles are used, and are repeatedly applied in a number of constructions. It is concluded that the choice of specific metric models / prototypes and methods of tracing / right-angle triangles is directly related to the application of the dominant building types during the different periods (type with hayat and eyvan, type with interior sofa / hall and type with a central cross-shaped sofa); and greatly affects the form and proportions of the mansions.
The facades of the 18th century mansions, unlike the plans, are not designed in sketches, but they are easily obtained from the careful tracing of the constructional elements in the ground plan and the division with ratios a – a/2. The impression of the "designed" facade is achieved by the application of a standard height for both the whole facade and the individual elements (windows, small lighting openings, etc.) and of course, by the particular morphological elements of the period.
The analysis of the examples gives rise to the basic principles of designing the ottoman urban architecture and describes the geometrical methods of tracing used by the master builders. In this way, the importance of architectural standards and the role of the particular knowledge of geometry in the construction and the final form of the ottoman monuments are crystallised. This knowledge can contribute substantially to the scientific documentation and restoration of historical structures.

This paper deals with the hammam in the Smederevo fortress erected by Firuz Agha, the head of the Sultan's treasury, between 1485 and 1490.

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Ottoman art often defied the Islamic taboo of representing animals and human figures. Muslims in the Ottoman and Persian Empires in the 15th and 16th centuries produced a wonderful collection of art representing episodes from Mohammed's... more

Bu sunum, onbeşinci yüzyılın ikinci yarısından onaltıncı yüzyılın başlarına kadar olan dönemde (1450-1520) Balkanlar’da Osmanlı serhad kalelerinin finasmanı meselesini incelemektedir. Büyük oranda onbeşinci yüzyıla ait mukataa, yoklama ve... more

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Paper presented at the International Scientific Conference "Fortifications of the Ottoman Period in the Aegean", October 30th-31st 2018, Ephorate of Antiquities of Lesbos, Mytilene.

Didimoteicho (known as Dimetoca during the Ottoman period) is a rather small rural township on the Greek-Turkish border to the west of the Meriҫ riverbed that was an urban center of considerable strategic importance during the fourteenth... more

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Lecture delivered in Greek at the Kastritseion Museum for the Culture of Constantinople and Asia Minor. Organized by the Society for the Study of Near East and the Seminar of Ottoman Language and Paleography in Athens, Greece, on... more

Silistre Kurşunlu Camisi ve Kuş Evleri, (X.Ortaçağ-Türk Dönemi Kazı Sonuçları ve Sanata Tarihi Araştırmaları Sempozyumu Bildirileri, 3-6 Mayıs-2006), Prof.Dr.Örcün Barışta’ya Armağan, Ankara, 2009, s.505-514.

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Ottoman Architecture In the Balkans

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