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Nicholas David - Η ΕΞΕΛΙΞΗ ΤΟΥ ΜΕΣΑΙΩΝΙΚΟΥ ΚΟΣΜΟΥ

Abstract

για την ελληνική γλώσσα Μορφωτικό Ίδρυμα Εθνικής Τραπέζης, Αθήνα 1999 Τα δικαιώματα της μετάφρασης παραχωρήθηκαν από την Addison Wesley Longman Limited, London ΦΙΛΟΔΟΞΙΑ TOΥ ΒΙΒΛΙΟΥ ΑΥΤΟΥ είναι να αποτελέσει επίτομη και συνάμα περιεκτική επισκόπηση της μεσαιωνικής Ευρώπης και να ανταποκριθεί στην πολυπλοκότητα και τον πλούτο του θέματος. Ως χαρακτηριστικό της μακράς αυτής ιστορικής περιόδου προβάλλεται η εξελικτική συνέχεια, η οποία είναι εμφανής ακόμα και στις εποχές κρίσης και αναδιατάξεων που χωρίζουν συμβατικά την ιστορία της Δύσης σε διαδοχικές φάσεις: συγκεκριμένα, τις εποχές ανάμεσα στον ύστερο ρωμαϊκό κόσμο και την «Ευρώπη των φυλών» του 6ου και του 7ου αιώνα, αλλά και ανάμεσα στον ύστερο Μεσαίωνα και τον 16ο αιώνα. Ιδιαίτερη έμφαση δεν δίνεται σε καμία περιοχή. Μολονότι η Γαλλία και η Αγγλία κυριαρχούν στη συνολική εικόνα, η Γερμανία, η Ιταλία και η Ισπανία παρουσιάζονται κι αυτές λεπτομερώς, χωρίς να λείπουν και εκτενείς ενότητες για το Βυζάντιο και το Ισλάμ, τους ισχυρούς γείτονες που άσκησαν τόσο σημαντική επιρροή στη μεσαιωνική Δύση. Η προσέγγιση είναι σε γενικές γραμμές συγκριτική και λαμβάνει υπόψη τις κατά τόπους διαφορές όταν πρόκειται για την πνευματική ζωή, τους πολιτικούς και κοινωνικούς θεσμούς, τη διακυβέρνηση και τις οικονομικές εξελίξεις. Ο ΝΤΕΪΒΙΝΤ ΝΙΚΟΛΑΣ είναι καθηγητής της Ιστορίας και πρόεδρος του Τμήματος Ιστορίας στο Πανεπιστήμιο Κλέμσον της Νότιας Καρολίνας. Στο εξώφυλλο Μεσαιωνική πόλη με τείχος: η Αβινιόν του 14ου αιώνα. Από το βιβλίο του Πιέρ Σαλμόν Les Lamentations dans l'état de Charles VI (Παρίσι, Εθνική Βιβλιοθήκη).

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  153. Colin Platt, Medieval Southampton: The Port and Trading Community, AD 1000-1600, Λονδίνο, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1973.
  154. -Medieval England: A Social History and Archaeology from the Conquest to 1600 A.D., Νέα Υόρκη, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1978.
  155. -The English Medieval Town, Λονδίνο, Granada Publishing, 1979.
  156. M. M. Postan, The Medieval Economy and Society: An Economic History of Britain in the Middle Ages, Harmondsworth, Penguin Books, 1975.
  157. Susan Reynolds, An Introduction to the History of English Medieval Towns, Οξφόρδη, Clarendon Press, 1977.
  158. Josiah Cox Rüssel, Late Ancient and Medieval Population, Φιλαδέλφεια, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 43, αρ. 3, 1958.
  159. -Medieval Regions and Their Cities, Bloomington, Indiana University Press,1972.
  160. Peter Spufford, Money and its Use in Medieval Europe, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1988.
  161. Sylvia L. Thrupp, Change in Medieval Society, Νέα Υόρκη, Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1964.
  162. J. Z. Titow, English Rural Society 1200-1350, Νέα Υόρκη, Barnes & Noble, 1969. Daniel Waley, The Italian City-Republics, Λονδίνο, Longman, 2 1988. ΠΡΟΤΕΙΝΟΜΕΝΗ ΒΙΒΛΙΟΓΡΑΦΙΑ
  163. John W. Baldwin, The Scholastic Culture of the Middle Ages, 1000-1300, Lexington, Mass., D.C. Heath, 1971. Robert L. Benson/Giles Constable (επιμ.), Rennaissance and Renewal in the Twelfth Century, Cambridge Mass., Harvard University Press, 1982.
  164. Meg Bogin, The Women Troubadours, Νέα Υόρκη, W. W. Norton, 1980.
  165. R. R. Bolgar, The Classical Heritage and its Beneficiaries. From the Carolingian Age to the End of the Renaissance, Νέα Υόρκη, Harper & Row, 1964.
  166. Jean Bony, French Gothic Architecture in the 12th and 13th Centuries, Berkeley /Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1983.
  167. Marshall Claggett/Gaines Post/Robert Reynolds (επιμ.), Twelfth-Century Europe and the Foundations of Modern Society, Madison, University of Wisconsin Press, 1966.
  168. Kenneth J. Conant, Carolingian and Romanesque Architecture, 800-1200, Harmondsworth, Penguin Books, 1975.
  169. Frederick C. Copleston, Aquinas, Βαλτιμόρη, Penguin, 1955.
  170. -Medieval Philosophy, 2 τόμοι, Garden City, Νέα Iερσέη, Doubleday Anchor Books, 1963.
  171. Lowrie J. Daly, The Medieval University 1200-1400, Νέα Υόρκη, Sheed and Ward, 1961. Henri Focillon, The Year 1000, Λονδίνο, Frederick Ungar, 1969.
  172. Teresa G. Frisch (επιμ.), Gothic Art 1140-c. 1450: Sources and Documents, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1987.
  173. Etienne Gilson, The Spirit of Medieval Philosophy, Νέα Υόρκη, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1936. -Reason and Revelation in the Middle Ages, Νέα Υόρκη, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1938. Jean Gimpel, The Cathedral Builders, Νέα Υόρκη, Grove Press, 1961.
  174. Charles Homer Haskins, Studies in Medieval Culture, Νέα Υόρκη, Ungar, 1965.
  175. -The Rennaissance of the Twelfth Century, Cambridge Mass., Harvard University Press, 1927.
  176. Friedrich Heer, The Medieval World, Λονδίνο, George Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1961, ανατύπωση Νέα Υόρκη, New American Library (Mentor Books), 1962.
  177. Robert Hellman/Richard O'Gorman (επιμ. / μτφρ.), Fabliaux: Ribald Tales from the Old French, Νέα Υόρκη, Thomas Y. Crowell, 1965.
  178. W.T.H. Jackson, The Literature of the Middle Ages, Νέα Υόρκη, Columbia University Press, 1960.
  179. David Knowles, The Evolution of Medieval Thought, Νέα Υόρκη, Vintage, 1962.
  180. Henry Kraus, The Living Theatre of Medieval Art, Φιλαδέλφεια, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1972. -Gold was the Mortar: The Economics of Cathedral Building, Λονδίνο, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979. Pierre Lavedan, French Architecture, Λονδίνο, Scolar Press, 1979.
  181. Gordon Leff, Medieval Thought: St Augustine to Ockham, Βαλτιμόρη, Penguin, 1958.
  182. -Paris and Oxford Universities in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries, Νέα Υόρκη, John Wiley & Sons, 1968.
  183. Roger Sherman Loomis, The Development of Arthurian Romance, Νέα Υόρκη, Harper & Row, 1963. Emile Mâle, The Gothic Image: Religious Art in France in the Thirteenth Century, Νέα Υόρκη, Harper & Row, 1968.
  184. John C. Moore, Love in Twelfth-Century France, Φιλαδέλφεια, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1972.
  185. Colin Morris, The Discovery of the Individual, 1050-1200, 1972, ανατύπωση Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1987.
  186. Alexander Murray, Reason and Society in the Middle Ages, Οξφόρδη, Clarendon Press, 1978, 1986.
  187. Erwin Panofsky, Gothic Architecture and Scholasticism, Νέα Υόρκη, Meridian Books, 1957.
  188. Hastings Rashdall (επιμ. F.M. Powicke/A.B. Emden), The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages, 3 τόμοι, Οξφόρδη, Oxford University Press, 1936.
  189. Richard W. Southern, The Making of the Middle Ages, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1961.
  190. Willard R. Trask (επιμ./μτφρ.), Medieval Lyrics of Europe, Νέα Υόρκη, World Publishing Company, 1969. Fernand van Steenberghen, Aristotle in the West: The Origins of Latin Aristotelianism, Louvain, E. Nauwelaerts, 1955.
  191. Otto von Simson, The Gothic Cathedral, Νέα Υόρκη, Bollingen Foundation, 1972. Helen Waddell, The Wandering Scholars, Νέα Υόρκη, Doubleday & Co., 1955.
  192. David L. Wagner (επιμ.), The Seven Liberal Arts in the Middle Ages, Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1986.
  193. Julius R. Weinberg, A Short History of Medieval Philosophy, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1964. Helene Wieruszowski, The Medieval University, Princeton, D. Van Nostrand, 1966.
  194. James J. Wilhelm (επιμ./μτφρ.), Medieval Song: An Anthology of Hymns and Lyrics, Νέα Υόρκη, Ε.Ρ. Dutton & Co., 1971. ΠΡΟΤΕΙΝΟΜΕΝΗ ΒΙΒΛΙΟΓΡΑΦΙΑ
  195. Marshall Baldwin (επιμ.), Christianity through the Thirteenth Century, Νέα Υόρκη, Harper & Row, 1970. Geoffrey Barraclough, The Medieval Papacy, Νέα Υόρκη, Hartcourt, Brace & World, 1968.
  196. Robert Chazan, Medieval Jewry in Northern France. A Political and Social History, Βαλτιμόρη, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973.
  197. Norman Cohn, The Pursuit of the Millenium: Revolutionary Messianism in Medieval and Reformation Europe and its Bearing on Modern Totalitarian Movements, Λονδίνο, Oxford University Press, 1957.
  198. Richard Kieckhefer, Repression of Heresy in Medieval Germany, Φιλαδέλφεια, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1979.
  199. David Knowles, The Religious Orders in England, 3 τόμοι, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1948-1959. -The Monastic Order in England, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2
  200. Malcolm Lambert, Medieval Heresy: Popular Movements from Bogomil to Hus, Νέα Υόρκη, Holmes and Meier, 1977. 1973.
  201. C. H. Lawrence, Medieval Monasticism: Forms of Religious Life in Western Europe in the Middle Ages, Λονδίνο, Longman, 1984.
  202. Henry Charles Lea, The Inquisition of the Middle Ages, 3 τόμοι, Φιλαδέλφεια, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1987• επίτομη συντομευμένη έκδοση από τη Margaret Nicholson, Νέα Υόρκη, MacMillan, 1961.
  203. Emanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Montaillou: The Promised Land of Error, Νέα Υόρκη, Vintage Books, 1979.
  204. Lester K. Little, Religious Poverty and the Profit Economy in Medieval Europe, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1978.
  205. John Moorman, A History of the Franciscan Order from its Origins to the Year 1517, Οξφόρδη, Clarendon Press, 1968.
  206. Edward Peters (επιμ.), Heresy and Authority in Medieval Europe: Documents in Translation, Φιλαδέλφεια, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1980.
  207. Jeffrey B. Russel, Religious Dissent in the Middle Ages, Νέα Υόρκη, John Wiley & Sons, 1971. -Witchcraft in the Middle Ages, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1972.
  208. Abram Leon Sachar, A History of the Jews, Νέα Υόρκη, Alfred A. Knopf, 5
  209. Joseph R. Strayer, The Albigensian Crusade, Νέα Υόρκη, Dial Press, 1971. 1974.
  210. Jonathan Sumption, Pilgrimage: An Image of Medieval Religion, Totowa, Νέα Ιερσέη, Rowman & Littlefield, 1975.
  211. Walter L. Wakefield, Heresy, Crusade and Inquisition in Southern France, 1100-1250, Berkeley/Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1975. αμετάβλητοι. Τότε ανέκυψαν τα «σύγχρονα» προβλήματα της φτώχειας και της ανεργίας, καθώς η υποδούλωση στην αγορά αντικατέστησε την υποδούλωση στον άρχοντα. ΠΡΟΤΕΙΝΟΜΕΝΗ ΒΙΒΛΙΟΓΡΑΦΙΑ
  212. William M. Bowsky, A Medieval Italian Commune: Siena under the Nine, Berkeley/ Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1981.
  213. -(επιμ.), The Black Death: A Turning Point in History? Νέα Υόρκη, Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1971.
  214. Gene A. Brucker, The Civic World of Early Rennaissance Florence, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1977.
  215. Gene A. Brucker, Giovanni and Lusanna, Berkeley/Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1986. Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, Πανεπιστήμιο της Καλιφόρνιας, The Dawn of Modern Banking, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1979.
  216. Carlo M. Cipolla, Before the Industrial Revolution: European Society and Economy, 1000-1700, Νέα Υόρκη, W. W. Norton, 2
  217. -(επιμ.), The Fontana Economic History of Europe: The Middle Ages, Λονδίνο, Fontana Books, 1972. 1980.
  218. Raymond de Roover, The Rise and Decline of the Medici Bank, 1397-1494, Cambridge Mass., Harvard University Press, 1963.
  219. -Business, Banking and Economic Thought in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe: Selected Studies, Σικάγο, University of Chicago Press, 1974.
  220. R. B. Dobson (επιμ.), The Paesants' Revolt of 1381, Λονδίνο, Macmillan, 1970.
  221. Christopher Dyer, Standards of Living in the Later Middle Ages: Social Change in England, c. 1200-1520, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1989. Robert Fossier, The Medieval Peasant, Οξφόρδη, Basil Blackwell, 1987.
  222. Guy Fourquin, The Anatomy of Popular Rebellion in the Middle Ages, Amsterdam, North Holland, 1978. Joseph & Frances Gies, Marriage and the Family in the Middle Ages, Νέα Υόρκη, Harper & Row, 1987. -Women in the Middle Ages, Νέα Υόρκη, Barnes and Noble, 1978.
  223. Richard A. Goldthwaite, The Building of Renaissance Florence: An Economic and Social History, Βαλτιμόρη, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980.
  224. Jack Goody, The Development of the Family and Marriage in Europe, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1983.
  225. J. R. Hale, Florence and the Medici: The Pattern of Control, Λονδίνο, Thames and Hudson, 1977.
  226. Barbara A. Hanawalt, The Ties that Bound: Peasant Families in Medieval England, Νέα Υόρκη, Oxford University Press, 1986.
  227. Jacques Heers, Family Clans in the Middle Ages: A Study of Political and Social Structures in Urban Areas, Amsterdam, North Holland, 1977.
  228. David Herlihy, Medieval and Renaissance Pistoia: The Social History of an Italian Town, 1200-1430, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1967.
  229. -Medieval Households, Νέα Υόρκη, Harper & Row, 1985.
  230. -(επιμ.), Medieval Culture and Society, Νέα Υόρκη, Harper & Row, 1968.
  231. David Herlihy/Christiane Klapisch-Zuber, Tuscans and their Families: A Study of the Florentine Catasto of 1427, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1985.
  232. R. H. Hilton/T. H. Aston (επιμ.), The English Rising of 1381, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1984. Martha Howell, Women, Production and Patriarchy in Late Medieval Cities, Σικάγο, University of Chicago Press, 1986.
  233. Dale Kent, The Rise of the Medici Faction in Florence, 1426-1434, Οξφόρδη, Oxford University Press, 1978. Julius Kirshner/Susanne F. Wemple (επιμ.), Women of the Medieval World. Essays in Honor of John H. Mundy, Οξφόρδη, Basil Blackwell, 1985.
  234. Christiane Klapisch-Zuber, Women, Family, and Ritual in Renaissance Italy, Σικάγο, Univesrity of Chicago Press, 1985.
  235. Frederic C. Lane, Venice: A Maritime Republic, Βαλτιμόρη, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973.
  236. John Larner, Italy in the Age of Dante and Petrarch, 1216-1380, Λονδίνο, Longman, 1980.
  237. Robert S. Lopez, The Commercial Revolution of the Middle Ages, 950-1350, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1976.
  238. Alan Macfarlane, Marriage and Love in England: Modes of Reproduction 1300-1840, Οξφόρδη, Blackwell, 1986.
  239. Charles R. Mack, Pienza. The Creation of a Renaissance City, Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press, 1987.
  240. Harry A. Miskimin, The Economy of Later Renaissance Europe, 1300-1460, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1975.
  241. -Money and Power in Fifteenth-Century France, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1984.
  242. Αnthony Molho (επιμ.), Social and Economic Foundations of the Italian Renaissance, Νέα Υόρκη, John Wiley & Sons, 1969.
  243. Michel Mollat, The Poor in the Middle Ages: An Essay in Social History, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1986.
  244. David Nicholas, The Domestic Life of a Medieval City: Women, Children, and the Family in Fourteenth-Century Ghent, Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press, 1985.
  245. -The Metamorphosis of a Medieval City: Ghent in the Age of the Arteveldes, 1302-1390, Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press, 1987.
  246. -The van Arteveldes of Ghent: The Varieties of Vendetta and the Hero in History, Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press, 1988.
  247. Donald E. Queller, The Venetian Patriciate: Reality versus Myth, Urbana, University of Illinois Press, 1986. Ferdinand Schevill, Medieval and Renaissance Florence, 2 τόμοι, Νέα Υόρκη, Harper & Row, 1963. Shulamith Shahar, The Fourth Estate: A History of Women in the Middle Ages, Νέα Υόρκη/Λονδίνο, Methuen, 1983.
  248. Susan Mosher Stuard (επιμ.), Women in Medieval Society, Φιλαδέλφεια, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1976.
  249. Sylvia L. Thrupp, The Merchant Class of Medieval London, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 1948. J. A. Van Houtte, An Economic History of the Low Countries, 800-1800, Νέα Υόρκη, St. Martin's Press, 1977. J. Vicens Vives/J. Nadal Oiler, An Economic History of Spain, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1969. Philip Ziegler, The Black Death, Harmondsworth, Pelican Books, 1970. ΠΡΟΤΕΙΝΟΜΕΝΗ ΒΙΒΛΙΟΓΡΑΦΙΑ Christopher Allmand, The Hundred Years War: England and France at War c. 1300-c. 1450, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1988.
  250. John Bellamy, Crime and Public Order in England in the Later Middle Ages, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1973.
  251. H. S. Bennet, The Pastons and their England, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1970.
  252. F. R. H. du Boulay, Germany in the Later Middle Ages, Λονδίνο, Athlone Press, 1983.
  253. Ε. Β. Fryde και Edward Miller (επιμ.), Historical Studies of the English Parliament, I: Origins to 1339, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1970.
  254. Anthony Goodman, A History of England from Edward II to James Ι, Λονδίνο, Longman, 1977.
  255. Ralph A. Griffiths, The Reign of King Henry VI: The Exercise of Royal Authority, 1422-1461, Berkeley και Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1981.
  256. John Hale, Roger Highfield και. Beryl Smalley, Europe in the Late Middle Ages, Λονδίνο, Faber & Faber, 1965.
  257. John Harvey, The Black Prince and his Age, Totowa, NJ, Rowman & Littlefield, 1976.
  258. J. N. Hillgarth, The Spanish Kingdoms, 1350-1516, 2 τόμοι, Νέα Τόρκη, Oxford University Press, 1976, 1978. George Holmes, The Later Middle Ages, 1272-1485, Εδιμβούργο, Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1962.
  259. Gabriel Jackson, The Making of Medieval Spain, Νέα Υόρκη, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1972.
  260. Richard, W. Kaeuper, Bankers to the Crown: The Riccardi of Lucca and Edward I, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1973.
  261. -War, Justice and Public Order: England and France in the Later Middle Ages, Οξφόρδη, Clarendon Press, 1988.
  262. Maurice H. Keen, England in the Later Middle Ages, Λονδίνο, Methuen, 1973.
  263. J. R. Lander, The Wars of the Roses, Νέα Υόρκη, Capricorn Books, 1967.
  264. -Conflict and Stability in Fifteenth-Century England, Λονδίνο, Hutchinson University Library, 1969. -The Limitations of English Monarchy in the Later Middle Ages, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1989. Joachim Leuschner, Germany in the Late Middle Ages, Amsterdam, North Holland, 1980.
  265. P. S. Lewis, Later Medieval France: The Polity, Νέα Υόρκη, Macmillan, 1968.
  266. -The Recovery of France in the Fifteenth Century, Νέα Υόρκη, Harper & Row, 1972.
  267. Angus Mackay, Spain in the Middle Ages: From Frontier to Empire, Λονδίνο, Macmillan, 1977.
  268. Lauro Martines, Power and Imagination: City-States in Renaissance Italy, Νέα Υόρκη, Alfred A. Knopf, 1979. Garret Mattingly, Renaissance Diplomacy, Βαλτιμόρη, Penguin Books, 1955. May McKisack, The Fourteenth Century, 1307-1399, Οξφόρδη, Clarendon Press, 1959.
  269. A. R. Myers, England in the Late Middle Ages (1307-1536), Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1952.
  270. Joseph F. O'Callaghan, A History of Medieval Spain, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1975.
  271. J. J. N. Palmer, England, France and Christendom, 1377-99, Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1972.
  272. Stanley G. Payne, A History of Spain ahd Portugal, τόμος 1, Madison, University of Wisconsin Press, 1973. Edouard Perroy, The Hundred Years War, Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1962.
  273. Michael Prestwich, Edward I, Berkeley/Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1988.
  274. Walter Prevenier/Wim Blockmans, The Burgundian Netherlands, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1986.
  275. Charles Ross, Richard III, Berkeley/Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1981.
  276. Joseph R. Strayer, The Reign of Philip the Fair, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1980.
  277. John A. F. Thomson, The Transformation of Medieval England, 1370-1529, Λονδίνο, Longman, 1983.
  278. Richard Vaughan, Valois Burgundy, Hamden, Conn., Archon Books, 1975.
  279. Scott L. Waugh, England in the Reign of Edward III, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1991. ΠΡΟΤΕΙΝΟΜΕΝΗ ΒΙΒΛΙΟΓΡΑΦΙΑ
  280. C. Μ. D. Crowder, Unity, Heresy and Reform, 1378-1460: The Conciliar Response to the Great Schism, Νέα Υόρκη, St. Martin's Press, 1977.
  281. Wallace K. Ferguson, The Renaissance in Historical Thought, Βοστόνη, Houghton Mifflin, 1948.
  282. Edward Grant, Physical Science in the Middle Ages, Νέα Υόρκη, John Wiley, 1971.
  283. Bernard Hamilton, Religion in the Medieval West, Λονδίνο, Edward Arnold, 1986.
  284. Denis Hays, The Renaissance, Debate, Νέα Υόρκη, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1965.
  285. George Holmes, Florence, Rome and the Origins of the Renaissance, Οξφόρδη, Clarendon Press, 1986.
  286. Donald R. Howard, Chauser: His Life. His Works. His World, Νέα Υόρκη, Ε. Ρ. Dutton, 1987.
  287. Johan Huizinga, The Waning of the Middle Ages, Λονδίνο, Edward Arnold, 1924 και συχνές ανατυπώσεις. Jeanne Krochalis/Edward Peters (επιμ.), The World of Piers Plowman, Φιλαδέλφεια, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1975.
  288. Gordon Leff, The Dissolution of the Medieval Outlook: An Essay on Intellectual and Spiritual Change in the Fourteenth Century, Νέα Υόρκη, Harper & Row, 1976. Marsilius of Padua, The Defender of Peace: The Defensor Pacts, μτφρ. και εισαγωγή Alan Gewirth, Νέα Υόρκη, Columbia University Press, 1956.
  289. Laura Martines, The Social World of the Florentine Humanists, 1390-1460, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1963.
  290. Millard Meiss, Painting in Florence and Siena after the Black Death. The Arts, Religion and Society in the Mid-Fourteenth Century, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1951.
  291. Michel Mollat, The Popes at Avignon: The «Babylonian Captivity» of the Medieval Church, Λονδίνο, Thomas Nelson, 1963.
  292. John B. Morrall, Political Thought in Medieval Times, ανατύπωση, Τορόντο, University of Toronto Press, 1980.
  293. Francis Oakley, The Western Church in the Later Middle Ages, Ithaca, N.Y., Cornell University Press, 1979. Glending Olson, Literature as Recreation in the Later Middle Ages, Ithaca, N.Y., Cornell University Press, 1982.
  294. Nicholas Orme, From Childhood to Chivalry: The Education of the English Kings and Aristocracy, 1066-1530, Λονδίνο/Νέα Υόρκη, Methuen, 1984.
  295. Erwin Panofsky, Early Netherlandish Painting: Its Origin and Character, 1 τόμοι, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1953.
  296. Yves Renouard, The Avignon Papacy, 1305-1403, Λονδίνο, Faber & Faber, 1970.
  297. Wim Swaan, The Late Middle Ages: Art and Architecture from 1350 to the Advent of the Renaissance, Ithaca, N. Y., Cornell University Press, 1977.
  298. Brian Tierney (επιμ.), The Crisis of Church and State, 1050-1300, Englewood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall, 1964. -Foundations of the Counciliar Theory, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1955.
  299. Walter Ullmann, A History of Political Thought: The Middle Ages, Harmonds worth, Penguin Books, 1965. -Medieval Foundation of Renaissance Humanism, Ithaca, Ν. Υ., Cornell University Press, 1977.
  300. Αυτή η εκδοχή των γεγονότων στηρίχτηκε στον Ε. Α. Thompson, Romans and Barbarians. The Decline of the Western Empire, Madison, University of Wisconsin Press, 1982, σσ. 61-71.
  301. The Heliand. Μετάφραση από τα παλαιά σαξονικά Mariana Scott, Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1966, σ. 102.
  302. Philip Κ. Hitti, The Arabs: A Short History, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1943, ανατύπωση Σικάγο, Gateway edn, Henry Regnery Co., 1964, σ. 120.
  303. D. Whitelock (επιμ.), English Historical Documents, τόμος 1, Νέα Υόρκη, Oxford University Press, 1955, σ. 786.
  304. Peter Godman (επιμ.), Poetry of the Carolingian Renaissance, Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 1985, σ. 287.
  305. Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Poetae, 4, 267, μτφρ. D. Nicholas.
  306. G. G. Coulton, From St Francis to Dante: Translations from the Chronicle of the Franciscan Salimbene (1221-1288), Φιλαδέλφεια, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2 1972, σσ. 241-242 (α' έκδοση 1907).
  307. 9 Thomas Wright, The Historical Works of Giraldus Cambrensis, Λονδίνο, Η. G. Bohn, 1863• Νέα Υόρκη, AMS Press, 1968, σσ. 249-253.
  308. J. A. Giles (μτφρ.), Roger of Wendover's Flowers of History, 2 τόμοι, Λονδίνο, Henry G. Bohn, 1849, 2: 206. Ανατύπωση Νέα Υόρκη, AMS Press.
  309. James J. Wilhem (επιμ. και μτφρ.), Medieval Song: An Antholoby of Hymns and Lyrics, Νέα Υόρκη, Ε. Ρ. Dutton & Co., 1971, σσ. 164-165.
  310. The Murder of Charles the Good, Count of Flanders, by Galbert of Bruges, μτφρ., εισαγωγή και σημειώσεις James Bruce Ross, αναθεωρημένη έκδοση, Νέα Υόρκη, Harper & Row, 1967, σσ. 206-207.
  311. «The Latin Report», Robert Chazan (επιμ.), Church, State, and Jew in the Middle Ages, Νέα Υόρκη, Behrmann House, 1980, σσ. 140-141.
  312. Fulcher of Chartres, A History of the Expedition to Jerusalem 1095-1127, μτφρ. Frances Rita Ryan, επιμ. και εισαγωγή
  313. Harold S. Fink, Noxville, University of Tennessee Press, 1969, ανατύπωση Νέα Υόρκη, W. W. Norton, 1973, σσ. 121-122.
  314. W. Ο. Ault (επιμ.), Court Rolls of the Abbey of Ramsey and of the Honour of Clare, New Haven, Yale Historical Publications 9 (1928), σσ. 242-243. Παρατίθεται από τον George Duby, Rural Economy and Country Life in the Medieval West, μτφρ. Cynthia Postan, Columbia SC, University of South Carolina Press, 1968, σσ. 510-511.
  315. 16 Self and Society in Medieval France: The Memoirs of Abbot Guibert of Nogent (1064-c. 1125), επιμ., εισαγωγή και σημειώσεις John F. Benton, Νέα Υόρκη, Harper & Row, 1970, σ. 167.
  316. Robert S. Lopez/Irving W. Raymond, Medieval Trade in the Mediterranean World: Illustrative Documents Translated with Introduction and Notes, Νέα Υόρκη, Columbia University Press, 1955, σσ. 62-65.
  317. English Historical Documents 1042-1189, David C. Douglas/George W. Greenaway, Νέα Υόρκη, Oxford University Press, 1953, σσ. 957-959.
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